Dimethyl sulfoxide Vitamin

In a patent assigned to Mitsubishi, air oxidation is carried out in the presence of copper salts to avoid the formation of complicating impurities in the oxidation of dihydrovitarnin to vitamin (33). In other work, high yields of vitamin were obtained by performing the oxidation in an alkaU medium (34). High purity vitamin can also be obtained by an oxidation in dimethyl sulfoxide (35). 

MPTP decreases glutathione levels and increases the levels of reactive oxygen species and the degree of lipid peroxidation in mouse brain slices in vitro and increases the levels of reactive oxygen species in mouse brain in vivo. MPTP neurotoxicity in vitro is reduced by glutathione. In vitro studies have shown that MPP neurotoxicity can be reduced by vitamin E, vitamin C, coenzyme Q, and mannitol (but not by superoxide dismutase, catalase, allopurinol, or dimethyl sulfoxide). P-Carotene, vitamin C, and /V-acctylcystcine partially protect against the neurotoxic effects of MPTP in mice, as do nicotinamide, coenzyme Q, and the free-radical spin trap A-tert-butyl-a-(sulfophenyl) nitrone. 

The commercially available isomer of dehydroascorbic acid is a crystalline, symmetric dimer comprising a system of five fused rings (4, 22), IV, and not the traditional textbook compound with the formula V. The latter has not been isolated and characterized, and is presumably not present in significant amount when the vitamin is oxidized. If the oxidation of L-ascorbic acid takes place in inert solvents such as dimethyl-formamide or dimethyl sulfoxide, it has been shown by Hvoslef and Pedersen (5), using NMR methods, that at low temperatures a dimer identical to the crystalline compound is formed. When the temperature... 

A number of chemically distinct compounds induce differentiation of the HL-60 human promyelocytic cell line as, dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO), 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin Ds, and bezafibrate. During differentiation, promyelocytic HL-60 cells stop growing, become much smaller in size and acquire the ability to form reactive oxygen species (R.O.S.) as shown by the appearance of the phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated respiratory burst, detect by the chemiluminescence technique and other methods. ... 

The method established has been applied in particular to the assessment of the effects of L-ascorbic add, vitamin A, triparanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide on human skin (B9), on account of uses of these compounds in therapy. The effect of triparanol on incorporation of [ S]sulfate into proteoglycans and adenosine 3 -phosphate 5 -sulfatophosphate of the epidermis was reduction in each case, but an increase into those of the dermis, thus demonstrating a serious disruptive effect of the drug on tissue processes. 

Many aqueous binary mixtures owe their peculiar properties to the combined effects of hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions. Examples are abundant in chemistry. Dimethyl sulfoxide, dioxane, ethanol and methanol, iV-ethyl acetamide, many hormones, steroids, and vitamin solutes exhibit this combined hydrophobic-hydrophilic interaction in aqueous solution. Such hydrophiUc-hydrophobic combined effects are specifically termed amphiphilic effects and are extensively exploited in cosolvent chemistry. In Chapter 16 we extensively discuss the amphiphilic effects, the corresponding properties, and applications with explicit examples. According to the nature of an aqueous binary mixture they are often called non-ionic kosmotropes or chaotropes. Let us take the example of urea (H2NCONH2). 

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