1.2- Dihydroxyanthraquinone-3-sulfonic

DASA = 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone-3-sulfonic acid. BES=MA -bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesuIfonic acid... 

Sodium alizarine sulfonate Sodium 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone sulfonate 5.5-6.8 yellow - red Sorensen... 

In 1901, mercury cataly2ed a-sulfonation of anthraquinone was discovered, and this led to the development of the chemistry of a-substituted anthraquinone derivatives (a-amino, a-chloro, a-hydroxy, and a,a -dihydroxyanthraquinones). In the same year R. Bohn discovered indanthrone. Afterward flavanthrone, pyranthrone, and ben2anthrone, etc, were synthesi2ed, and anthraquinone vat dyes such as ben2oylaniinoanthraquinone, anthrimides, and anthrimidocarba2oles were also invented. These anthraquinone derivatives were widely used to dye cotton with excellent fastness, and formed the basis of the anthraquinone vat dye industry. 

The molten alkali can have the opposite effect and exert an imdizing action. Thus, it is well known that anthraquinone> -sulfonic acid does not yield hyditRyanthraquinone, but alizarin (l,2>dihydroxyanthraquinone). This reaction can be favored by the addition of an oxidizing agent. 

Alizarin (1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone) is formed by alkali fusion of sodium anthraquinone-2-sulfonate ( silver salt ). The reaction is rather remarkable in that not only is the sulfo group replaced by hydroxyl, but a second hydroxyl is also introduced. The presence of an oxidizing agent has a favorable effect on the reaction. 

Further examples of the sulfonation of phenols by this method are the preparation of l,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid from quinazirin189 and of 1,3,4-trihydroxy-anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid from purpurin.190... 

Although alizarin-S (l,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone-3-sulfonate) has been used (162) for many years for the detection and estimation of zirconium and hafnium, the composition of the product formed in this system is still uncertain. Eecent studies on hafnium (43) and zirconium (317, 419) complex formation by spectrophotometric methods led to the conclusion that the zirconium 1 1 complex exists in the pH range 1.0-1.8 at a metal concentration of 1 x 10 M. Below that pH no complex could be observed and above that pH only suspensions were obtained. Hafnium, on the other hand, is said to form the 1 2 ligand complex at metal ion concentrations of (2 to 4) x 10 mole/liter over the pH range 1.0 to 4.0. A stability constant of 10.3 0.3 was reported for this species. The 1 1 complex of zirconium is extractable with i-butanol (149a). 

Quinones such as alizarin redS (l,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone-3-sulfonate) and chloroanilic acid have long been used as analytical reagents for spectrophotometric determination of zirconium. These reagents form 1 1 complexes with Zr in strongly acidic solu-tions. The binding site in alizarin red S has been a matter of some controversy, " but it now appears, on the basis of voltametric and spectrophotometric evidence, that Zr coordinates to alizarin red S through the two adjacent phenolic oxygen atoms. ... 

Other Names 2-Anthraquinonesulfonic acid, 3,4-dihydroxy-, sodium salt Acid Mordant Red SW Acid Red Alizarine Ahcoquinone Red S Alizarin Carmine Alizarin Red S Alizarin S Alizarine Carmine Alizarine Carmine Indicator Alizarine Red A Alizarine Red AS Alizarine Red Indicator Alizarine Red S Alizarine Red S sodium salt Alizarine Red SW Alizarine Red SZ Alizarine Red W Alizarine Red WA Alizarine Red WS Alizarine Red for Wool Alizarine S Alizarine S Extra Cone. A Export Alizarine S Extra Pure A Alizarinsulfonate C.l. 58005 C.l. Mordant Red 3 Calcochrome Alizarine Red SC Camelio Rubine Lake Chrome Red Alizarine Diamond Red W Ext D and C Red No. 7 Eenakrom Red W Mitsui Alizarine Red S Mordant Red 3 Oxanal Fast Red SW Sodium 3,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone-2-sulfonate Sodium aUzarin-3-sulfonate Sodium alizarinesulfonate Sodium alizarinsulfonate CA Index Name 2-Anthracenesulfonic acid, 9,10-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-, monosodium salt... 

There is a wide diversity of chemical structures of anthraquinone colorants.Many anthraquinone dyes are found in nature, perhaps the best known being alizarin, 1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone, the principal constituent of madder (Chapter 1). Naturally-based anthraquinone dyes are of limited current commercial importance, although synthetic alizarin, as Cl Mordant Red 11, is used to an extent in the dyeing and printing of natural fibres. Many of the current commercial range of synthetic anthraquinone dyes are simply substituted derivatives of the anthraquinone system. For example, a number of the most important red and blue disperse dyes for application to polyester fibres are simple non-ionic anthraquinone molecules, containing substituents such as amino, hydroxyl and methoxy, and several sulfonated derivatives are commonly used as acid dyes for wool. 

For the detection of boric acid, the best hydroxyanthraquinones are l,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone-3-sulfonic acid (alizarin S) 1,2,4-trihydroxy-anthraquinone(purpurin) l,2,5,8-tetrahydroxyanthraquinone(quinali2arin). 

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