Digestive System and Digestion

Poultry s lack of teeth requires the consumed feed to be temporarily stored in the gizzard, which reduces the feed particle size for better digestion. Poultry have a complex foregut composed of three sections (crop, proventriculus, and gizzard) that replace a conventional stomach, and a relatively simple intestinal tract. The 

FIGURE 18.1 Domestic animals that consume approximately 30% of the world cereal production and provide humankind with nearly all its meat, milk, and eggs, (a) Poultry (layers and broilers, courtesy of Alejandra Martinez, Ana Margarita Farm, Allende, N.L., Mexico), (b) Swine (piglets and finisher pig, courtesy of Alejandra Martinez, Ana Margarita Farm, Allende, N.L, Mexico). 

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Exposure to excessive amounts of lead over a long period of time (chronic exposure) increases the risk of developing certain diseases. The parts of the body which may be affected include the blood, nervous system, digestive system, reproductive system, and kidneys. These effects include anemia, muscular weakness, kidney damage, and reproductive effects, such as reduced fertiHty in both men and women, and damage to the fetus of exposed pregnant women. 

Autonomic nervous system. The portion of the nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord that is responsible for monitoring and controlling the digestive system, cardiovascular system, and other organs that are not under direct conscious control. 

National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. Your digestive system and how it works, National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse Web site. Available online. URL http //digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/yrdd/. Accessed on March 18, 2008. 

Tonics. Elder is considered a tonic for the respiratory system and digestive tract. It can help increase the strength of a person in a weakened state. Parts used flowers, berries. 

Bile is produced continuously by the liver bile salts are secreted by the hepatocytes and the water, sodium bicarbonate, and other inorganic salts are added by the cells of the bile ducts within the liver. The bile is then transported by way of the common bile duct to the duodenum. Bile facilitates fat digestion and absorption throughout the length of the small intestine. In the terminal region of the ileum, the final segment of the small intestine, the bile salts are actively reabsorbed into the blood, returned to the liver by way of the hepatic portal system, and resecreted into the bile. This recycling of the bile salts from the small intestine back to the liver is referred to as enterohepatic circulation. 

As mentioned above, numerous rotors and vessel types for individual applications are available for the MicroSYNTH/ETHOS platform. Most of them are derived from the original digestion system and have been adapted for synthesis purposes. 

Right after feeding, the digestive system is breaking down food and dumping nutrients (amino acids, free fatty acids, and carbohydrate) into the portal system and then to liver and ultimately into the rest of the circulation (Fig. 17-6). The key here is that all tissues take in these nutrients, burn only what they need at the moment, and store the rest. 

Two methods were examined for digestion of biological samples prior to trace element analysis. In the first one a nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide-hydrofluoric acid mixture was used in an open system, and in the second one nitric acid in a closed Teflon bomb. The latter method was superior for Ge determination, however, germanium was lost whenever hydrogen fluoride had to be added for disolving sihcious material. End analysis by ICP-AES was used for Ge concentrations in the Xg/g range13. 

Thus the total soil pollution was connected with a respiratory system and a digestive tract. Both systems were also sensitive to such urban pollutants as heavy metals and PAH. For radionuclides the correlation with the given nosologies was not revealed. The asthma morbidity was mostly connected with soil pollution rates. This circumstance, apparently, can be related to nonspecific action of pollutants on a human organism, because the etiology of asthma is connected with the human immune defense system and allergy state (Roite, 1991). The last was shown for pesticides (Nikolaev et al., 1988) and heavy metals (Drouet et al., 1990). The sensitized immune system is, apparently, responsible for chronic toxic effects of other pollutants at low doses (Sidorenko et al., 1991 Novak and Magnussen, 1993). 

Thickness and permeability Pigmentation Allergic reaction Reaction to burning and distress Gastrointestinal system and digestion Renal system... 

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