Diffraction and microscopy

Takayanagi K, Tanishiro Y, Takahashi M and Takahashi S 1985 Structural analysis of Si(111)-7 7 by UFIV-transmission electron diffraction and microscopy J. Vac. Sot Technol. A 3 1502... 

A detailed account is given in Reference 20. The techniques giving the most detailed 3-D stmctural information are x-ray and neutron diffraction, electron diffraction and microscopy (qv), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (nmr) (see Analytical methods Magnetic spin resonance X-ray technology). 

There is no evidence for polymorphism from infrared spectroscopy and differential thermal analysis, and only inconclusive data from x-ray diffraction and microscopy studies. 

The development of electron diffraction and microscopy was parallel but separate. Although there are many obvious similarities between the theories, they are usually expressed in different notations and it is common that workers trained in the one have little knowledge of the other. This is particularly unfortunate in that the techniques are almost always complementary, and many investigations will benefit by the use of both electron and X-ray (or neutron) methods. The emphasis in this book is on the X-ray methods. Electron techniques have been amply covered in a number of excellent publications we have not... 

Topics in Electron Diffraction and Microscopy of Materials P Hirsch (ed)... 

The organic analytical techniques covered here may be considered those commonly found in routine (commercial) analytical laboratories. Some laboratories that also perform research and method development may use other techniques in addition to the ones mentioned in this chapter. These additional techniques often involve spectroscopy methods like infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray diffraction and microscopy. 

L. M. Peng, S. L. Dudarev and M. J. Whelan, High-Energy Electron Diffraction and Microscopy , Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2004. A systematic treatment of electron diffraction theory. 

Carter, C. B., Sass, S. L. (1981). Electron diffraction and microscopy techniques for studying grain-boundary structure. J. Amer. Ceramic Soc., 64, 335-45. 

Fitzgerald, A.G. Electron diffraction and microscopy. In Carbyne and Carbynoid Structures. Heimann, R.B. Evsyukov, S.E. Kavan, L., Eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 1999, 195-308. 

Utilizing electron diffraction and microscopy the compounds Al Mo and AI3M0... 

Transient intermediates are most commonly observed by their absorption (transient absorption spectroscopy see ref. 185 for a compilation of absorption spectra of transient species). Various other methods for creating detectable amounts of reactive intermediates such as stopped flow, pulse radiolysis, temperature or pressure jump have been invented and novel, more informative, techniques for the detection and identification of reactive intermediates have been added, in particular EPR, IR and Raman spectroscopy (Section 3.8), mass spectrometry, electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The technique used for detection need not be fast, provided that the time of signal creation can be determined accurately (see Section 3.7.3). For example, the separation of ions in a mass spectrometer (time of flight) or electrons in an electron microscope may require microseconds or longer. Nevertheless, femtosecond time resolution has been achieved,186 187 because the ions or electrons are formed by a pulse of femtosecond duration (1 fs = 10 15 s). Several reports with recommended procedures for nanosecond flash photolysis,137,188-191 ultrafast electron diffraction and microscopy,192 crystallography193 and pump probe absorption spectroscopy194,195 are available and a general treatise on ultrafast intense laser chemistry is in preparation by IUPAC. 

Baum, P., Zewail, A. H., Breaking Resolution Limits in Ultrafast Electron Diffraction and Microscopy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 16105 16110. 

Probably the simplest method to determine phase diagrams is to hold a carefully prepared mixture of known composition isothermally at elevated temperatures until equilibrium is achieved, quench the sample to room temperature rapidly enough to prevent phase changes during cooling, and then examine the specimen to determine the phases present. The latter is usually carried out by using a combination of X-ray diffraction and microscopy techniques. 

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