Diethyl ether tetrahydrofuran

By reaction of an a-halo ester 1 with zinc metal in an inert solvent such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran or dioxane, an organozinc compound 2 is formed (a Grignard reagent-like species). Some of these organozinc compounds are quite stable even a structure elucidation by x-ray analysis is possible in certain cases ... 

Peroxidizable hazard on concentration Diethyl ether Tetrahydrofuran Dioxane Acetal... 

Some chemicals are susceptible to peroxide formation in the presence of air [10, 56]. Table 2.15 shows a list of structures that can form peroxides. The peroxide formation is normally a slow process. However, highly unstable peroxide products can be formed which can cause an explosion. Some of the chemicals whose structures are shown form explosive peroxides even without a significant concentration (e.g., isopropyl ether, divinyl acetylene, vinylidene chloride, potassium metal, sodium amide). Other substances form a hazardous peroxide on concentration, such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and vinyl ethers, or on initiation of a polymerization (e.g., methyl acrylate and styrene) [66]. 

Reaction of 4a-c with hydrogen chloride was carried out at room temperature in various solvents including dichloromethane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, DMF, and l,l,l,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol (HFIP). The ring opening of 4a-c readily proceeded to give the ester 10 as well as chloride substitution products, 8K and 9K, as shown in Scheme 8 (9). Product yields are dependent on the solvent, as summarized in Table II. Ester 10... 

Kumar, A. Temperature dependence of the densities and speeds of sound of the binary solutions of LiC104 with diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, and ethyl acetate, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 45(4) 630-635, 2000. 

Lithium aluminum hydride is a flammable substance. It ignites spontaneously on grinding and reacts violently with water and many organic substances. Diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran or another suitable solvent should be used in its synthetic applications. Dry or powdered limestone is an appropriate fire extinguishing agent. 

Diels-Alder reaction (Benzene, toluene, water, methanol, ethanol, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane, acetone, CHjCb, 1,2-dichloroethane, o-dichlorobenzene, chloroform, acetonitrile)... 

The product is a red-brown microcrystalline powder that appears to be stable toward air and moisture but should be stored under N2- The compound is soluble in polar organic solvents such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane. 

V-Fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)amine (1 a) can be synthesized in a one-step reaction using commercially available bis(phenylsulfonyl)amine (up to 0.2 mol) and fluorine (10% F2/N2,1 equiv) in the presence of powdered sodium fluoride, either in acetonitrile at — 40 °C in an ambient pressure reactor131 or in trichlorofluoromethane/chloroform, water or a water-miscible organic solvent.133 iV-Fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)amine (la) is soluble in most organic solvents, e.g. diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane. acetonitrile and toluene.131 133... 

Alkyl nitrites can also be used in anhydrous media and, for example, 4-hydroxyben-zenediazonium tetrafluoroborate is isolated in 89% yield after diazotization with isopcntyl nitrite, hydrogen fluoride and boron trifluoride in ethanol/diethyl ether.96 Diazotization can also be performed in dichloromethane or ethers (diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane) with terl-butyl nitrite and boron trifluoride-diethyl ether complex which generates nitrosyl fluoride in situ.229 Excess boron trifluoride is used to trap water and tert-butyl alcohol, so that the reaction can be considered as being performed under complete anhydrous conditions. Yields are higher in dichloromethane, but 1,2-dimethoxyethane is preferred for less soluble amines. This procedure has been successfully applied to the synthesis of mono-and difluorobenzo[c]phcnanthrenes.230... 

This procedure offers a convenient method for the esterification of carboxylic acids with alcohols2 and thiols2 under mild conditions. Its success depends on the high efficiency of 4-dialkylaminopyridines as nucleophilic catalysts 1n group transfer reactions. The esterification proceeds without the need of a preformed, activated carboxylic acid derivative, at room temperature, under nonacidic, mildly basic conditions. In addition to dichloromethane other aprotic solvents of comparable polarity such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and acetonitrile can be used. The reaction can be applied to a wide variety of acids and alcohols, including polyols,2 6 a-hydroxycarboxylic acid esters,7 and even very acid labile... 

The dimers are moderately stable in air and can be handled without special precautions. However, extended exposure to air or moisture results in decomposition, and the dimers are best stored refrigerated under an inert gas. All three dimeric complexes are soluble in acetone, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and alcohols. They are less soluble in halogenated or aromatic solvents, with the ethylene complex being the least soluble. 

When 3-hydroxy-Ar,Ar-dimethyl-4-pentenamide32 or its 3-acetoxy derivative are cyclized, the 4,5-cw-isomers in 98% yield and d.r. (cis/trans) 98 2, and 84% yield and d.r. (cisltrans) 86 14, respectively, are obtained. These results are in accordance with the cyclization of 3-hydroxy-4-pentenoic acid performed under kinetic conditions (iodine in diethyl ether/tetrahydrofuran and sodium hydrogen carbonate)32. 

The use of ethers as cocatalysts for the cationic polymerisation of alkenyl monomers induced by Lewis acids has received little systematic attention and the mechanism through which these compounds operate is not well understood. The complex diethyl-ether-boron fluoride has been extensively used as a very convenient cationic initiator, but mostly for preparative purposes. As in the case of alcohols and water, ethers are known to act as inhibitors or retarders in the cationic polymerisation of olefins, if used obove cocatalytic levels, because they are more nucleophilic than most rr-donor monomers. Imoto and Aoki showed that diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, -chloro-diethyl ether and diethyl thioether are inhibitors for the polymerisation of styrene-by the complex BF3 EtjO in benzene at 30 °C, at a concentration lower than that of the catalyst, but high enough (0.5 x 10 M) to quench the active species formation for a time. Their action was temporary in that the quenching reaction consumed them, and therefore induction periods were observed, but the DP s of the polystyrenes were independent of the presence of such compounds, as expected from a classical temporary inhibition. 

The most commonly used procedure is that established by Wooster and extensively developed by Birch, i.e. the reduction of a solution of the substrate in a mixture of liquid ammonia with an alcohol (usually ethanol or r-butyl alcohol) and an inert cosolvent (e.g. diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran) with an alkali metal (lithium, sodium or potassium). Low molecular weight amines have been utilized in place of the ammonia, although the procedure then leads to more extensive reduction. Hexamethylphosphoramide may also serve in place of the ammonia, but there is no apparent advantage to offset its higher cost, toxicity and carcinogenicity. Of rather more interest is the potential of electrochemical and photochemical approaches, which may give complementary outcomes. 

The insertion of elemental tellurium into C — Li or C—Na bonds is a convenient method for the preparation of alkali metal tellurolates. Many organic lithium compounds are commercially available or can be prepared, for instance, by halogen-lithium or hydrogen-lithium exchange. The reactions of the organic lithium compounds with elemental tellurium are performed in inert organic solvents such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrofuran/hexane, or diethyl ether/benzene at temperatures (—196° to -1-20°) compatible with the stability of the organic lithium compound. The applicabiUty of this reaction for the synthesis of aliphatic, aromatic, and heteroaromatic lithium tellurolates is documented in Table 1 (p. 155). 

Several aldehyde and halide combinations have been studied and representative examples are shown in Table 1. The solvents of choice range from ethers, such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (THE) and furan, to hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene, and petroleum ether. 

Separation of the mixture of C60/C70 proved to be a challenging task, particularly because of the poor solubility of the material in most organic solvents. While the solubility in benzene is about 5 mg/mL at 25 °C, the compound is soluble with difficulty at the same temperature in chloroform, dichloromethane, tetra-chloromethane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, H-hexane, n-pen-tane, and n-octane. The mixture of C )/C7o dissoives appreciabiy better in boiling cyclohexane, from which small black cubes crystallize out on cooling. The material did not melt below 360 C in a sealed tube the resulting sample redissolves in benzene, showing no sign of decomposition. 

Bis(phosphino)amines (208)-(211) were readily prepared by condensation of Ph2PCl and the appropriate secondary amine in diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, or benzene, with triethylamine as base.454-457 Polymer-supported phosphine-phosphino(amines) (212) have also been reported.458 Hersh and co-workers have described a novel series of bis(p-toluenesulfonylamino) phosphines (213) and (214) from bis(dichlorophosphino) starting materials and A,vV -(ditoluenesul-fonyl)-l, 2-diaminoethane.459... 

Properties White to gray crystals. D 1.02. Stable in dry air at room temperature, but very sensitive to moisture. Decomposes above 140C hberating deuterium. Soluble in diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran shghtly soluble in other low molecular weight ethers. 

Cyclopropane formation is achieved to a much larger extent when the dianion of cycloocta-tetraene is allowed to react with dichlorodiphenylmethane. It is doubtful that the reaction involves a free carbene, but in any case 9,9-diphenylbicyclo[6.1.0]nona-2,4,6-triene (2) was obtained in 51 % yield together with tetraphenylethene, isolated in 21 % yield, when the reaction was carried out in a diethyl ether/tetrahydrofuran solution at 0°C. ... 

The reaction of bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane with diborane and subsequent treatment with hydrogen peroxide produced predominantly cyclohexylmethanol (5b) in high yield.Under modified experimental conditions small amounts of isomeric methylcyclohexanol (6b) and cycloheptanol (7b) were isolated. In contrast to the hydroboration of alkenes, the cyclopropane cleavage reaction is inhibited by ethereal solvents such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran or 2-methoxy-ethyl ether. Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane reacted with diborane in a similar fashion to give mainly cyclopentylmethanol (5a).The reaction of l-methylbicyclo[4.1.0]heptane gave a mixture of cis- and tram-(2-methylcyclohexyl)methanol (5c) in an initial ratio of 60 40. Spiro[2.5]octane reacted with diborane to yield only products derived from scission at the spiro carbon. The main product was 2-cyclohexylethanol (8). ... 

Specific energy components Dichloromethane Chloroform Acetone Ethyl acetate Diethyl ether Tetrahydrofuran ... 

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