Diesel index liquids

The catalytic cracking of polypropylene waste in a flnidized-bed reactor was reported by Ji [12]. It gave a yield of liquid product of 50%, the research octane number of the gasoline prodnced from plastic waste was 86, and the cetane index of the diesel fuel produced from the plastic waste was 43. 

Of course, in liquid/liquid extraction, the extractant must form two liquid phases with the feed stock. With lubricating oil, diesel fuel, and soybean oil, furfural is capable of satisfying this condition as its oxygen atoms make it a more polar compound. The spectroscopic polarity index Et [45] of furfural is 0.426 whereas the values of the oils and of diesel fuel are close to zero. 

The pour point (ASTM D-97, IP 15) is the lowest temperature at which the fuel oil will flow under specified conditions. The maximum and minimum pour point temperatures provide a temperature window where a petroleum product, depending on its thermal history, might appear in the liquid as well as the solid state. Pour point data can be used to supplement other measurements of cold flow behavior, and the data are particularly useful for the screening of the effect of wax interaction modifiers on the flow behavior of petroleum. The pour point should not be confused with the freezing point, which is an index of the lowest temperature at which the crude oil will flow under specified conditions. Test methods (ASTM D-2386, ASTM D-5901, ASTM D-5972, IP 434, IP 435) for the freezing point are not usually applicable to fuel oil but are more applicable to diesel fuel and aviation fuel. 

The flash point of a fuel is obtained by slowly increasing the temperature (5.6°C/min) of the liquid fuel in a standard container (flash cup) until sufficient vapor is given off to produce a flash as a flame is passed over the mouth of the cup every 30 s. The temperature of the oil at which this occurs is the flash point. This is an index of the volatility of the oil or liquid. It is used as an indication of the fire hazard of combustible liquids. For example, the Canadian specification for heating fuel oil stipulates a minimum flash point of 43°C, whereas the flash point of diesel fuel varies from 38°C to 52°C. The flash point and boiling point of various substances are compared in Table 4.4. 

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