Dielectric drag

When solvated ions migrate within the electrolyte, the drag force applied by the surrounding solvent molecules is measured by solvent viscosity rj. Thus, in a solvent of lower viscosity, the solvated ions would move more easily in response to an applied electric field, as expressed by the Einstein—Stokes relation (eq 3). Solvents of low viscosity have always been considered the ideal candidates for electrolyte application however, their actual use was restricted because most of these solvents have low dielectric constants (Tables 1 and 2) and cannot dissociate ions effectively enough to prevent ion pairing. 

Suppose that we now fill the space between our planar electrodes with a solution. First let us choose a pure solvent of low dielectric constant (e.g., hexane) with no charge carriers present. How does this compare to the previous situation First, we are limited in the field we can achieve before breakdown in the dielectric occurs. It is virtually impossible to field ionize a molecule in such a medium. On the other hand, photoionization can be accomplished with the field providing an impetus to charge separation. As in a vacuum, the photoionized molecule and the electron are accelerated in opposite directions, but now a terminal velocity is readily achieved depending on the viscous drag of each charged particle. The solvated photoelectron will, of course, move far more rapidly than the ion. 

Non-ionic polymer gel, swollen with dielectric solvent, can be extremely deformed as is the case for non-ionic polymer plasticised with non-ionic plasticiser. Instead of the charge-injected solvent drag as a mechanism of the gel actuation, the principle is based on local asymmetrical charge distribution at the surface of the gel18. The mechanism can also be applied to non-ionic elastomers in which the motion of the polymer chain is relatively free. In spite of their many difficulties for practical actuators, polyelectrolyte gels and related materials are the most interesting electroactive polymer materials. 

When electrophoresis begins, the voltage difference set up in the capillary causes the migration of the mobile positive ions (cations) toward the cathode. This ionic movement in turn osmotically drags fluid, the water in the capillary, in the same direction. It is this movement of fluid that generates the EOF. The velocity of this flow is increased with the dielectric constant of the fluid and the magnitude of the zeta potential, and decreased by the solution s viscosity. 

Sioux and Teissie (275) loaded propidium iodide in 70% leukocytes in whole blood using the dielectric breakdown method. The entrapped drug showed a half-life of longer than four hours at 4°C and 37°C. When compared with the nonpulsed cells, leukocytes loaded with the drag showed 10 times more accumulation in the inflammation area than in control areas. 

DMSO, molecular models, 17 DNA, and dielectric behavior, 195 Drag forces, acting on ion, 452 Drift velocity average values of, 443 and the effect of the unsymmeuical ionic atmosphere, 510... 

The gate layer (which is also typically used for some interconnect) is a conductor and is patterned both to establish interconnects and decrease the overlap capacitance with the source/drain layer which is a drag on performance in many applications. The gate layer is typically the best bonded to the substrate and is often also used to anchor layers that will be used for external connection (e.g. through heat seal connectors or wire bonding). The gate dielectric layer is typically patterned to allow interconnection between... 

Here we address the problem from a different point of view, namely, in terms of a response of collective excitations in solvent to the ionic field. In Sec. 5.3 we have succeeded in abstracting the collective excitations in a model diatomic liquid which can be identified as acoustic and optical modes. The two modes arise essentially from the translational and rotational motions of solvent molecules. Since the Stokes and dielectric frictions originate basically from the energy dissipation due to the translational and rotational motions of solvent molecules, respectively, it is reasonable to ask how the ionic field couples with the collective excitations and/or how the two drag forces are related to the two col-... 

Sharbaugh, A. H. and Walker, G. W., The design and evaluation of an ion-drag dielectric pump to enhance cooling in a small oil-filled transformer, IEEE Trans. Ind. AppL, 21, 950, 1985. 

Electro-osmotic drag phenomena are closely related to the distribution and mobility of protons in pores. The molecular contribution can be obtained by direct molecular dynamics simulations of protons and water in single ionomer pores, as reviewed in the sections Proton Transport in Water and Stimulating Proton Transport in a Pore. The hydrodynamic contribution to nd can be studied, at least qualitatively, using continuum dielectric approaches. The solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation... 

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