Fingerprint Diagrams

Rowell and co-workers [62-64] have developed an electrophoretic fingerprint to uniquely characterize the properties of charged colloidal particles. They present contour diagrams of the electrophoretic mobility as a function of the suspension pH and specific conductance, pX. These fingerprints illustrate anomalies and specific characteristics of the charged colloidal surface. A more sophisticated electroacoustic measurement provides the particle size distribution and potential in a polydisperse suspension. Not limited to dilute suspensions, in this experiment, one characterizes the sonic waves generated by the motion of particles in an alternating electric field. O Brien and co-workers have an excellent review of this technique [65]. 

C.2. Mass Spectrometry. Like optical emission spectroscopy, mass spectrometry offers the ability to fingerprint and identify individual species in a plasma discharge or products in the effluent from a plasma reactor. Its most common application is the latter, and a diagram for effluent monitoring by... 

Figure 3-25 (A) Alpha-carbon plot of the structure of ribosomal protein L30 from E. coli as deduced by NMR spectroscopy and model building. (B) Combined COSY-NOESY diagram for ribosomal protein L30 used for elucidation of dm connectivities (see Fig. 3-27). The upper part of the diagram represents the fingerprint region of a COSY spectrum recorded for the protein dissolved in H20. The sequential assignments of the crosspeaks is indicated. The lower part of the diagram is part of a NOESY spectrum in H20. The dm "walks" are indicated by (->—) S11-A12 (—) H19 to L26 (-------)...

Figure 6.1 is a fingerprint diagram of the data in Table 6.3. In this figure... 

Fig. 6.1 A fingerprint diagram of the data of Table 6.3. Cations are by convention plotted on the left and anions on the right. In Fig. 6.5 the same data have been replotted in increasing order of cation concentration and decreasing order of anion concentration.

Fig. 6.2 A linear fingerprint diagram of samples that resulted from different degrees of dilution of a saline water (Table 6.4). The data reveal compositional lines of different patterns, although their relative ion abundance is the same.

Fig. 6.5 Fingerprint diagram of the same data as in Fig. 6.1 (Table 6.3), but cations are arranged in an increasing order of concentration, and anions are arranged in a decreasing order of concentration, resulting in simple lines that can readily be compared.

Fig. 6.15 A fingerprint diagram of the data of Table 6.5. Three distinct compositional groups emerge A, B, and C (seen also in Fig. 6.16).

The series of synthetically generated mixtures of two water types given in Table 6.4 is drawn in Fig. 6.3 in a fingerprint diagram on semilogarithmic... 

The patterns in a fingerprint diagram provide the same information ... 

Cotecchia et al. (1974) studied the salinization of wells on the coast of the Ionian Sea. A fingerprint diagram (Fig. 6.23) served to define a conceptual model. The lowest line (MT) is of a fresh water spring and the uppermost line (I.S.) is of the Ionian Sea water. The lines in between (SR and CH) are of groundwaters with increasing proportions of seawater intrusion. The CH well met the nondiluted seawater at a depth of 170 m. This interpretation seems to be well founded as it is based on six dissolved ions. The whole story is condensed into one fingerprint diagram. 

A major application of fingerprint diagrams is in sorting geochemical data into groups. Figure 6.24 represents the results of an extensive study of... 

Fig. 6.23 A fingerprint diagram of water in coastal wells of the Ionian Sea (I.S.). MT is a freshwater spring. Well SR has slight contributions of seawater, a feature that is more pronounced in the deeper well (CH), which encountered the seawater at a depth of 170 m. (Data from Cottechia et al., 1974.)...

Fig. 6.24 Fingerprint diagrams of data obtained in a study of mineral springs in Switzerland (Vuatax, 1982). Three compositional groups emerged Na-S04, Ca(Na)-HC03, and Ca-S04. In this case lithology was identified as the major control.

Exercise 6.3 Draw a fingerprint diagram of the data of springs A, B, C, and D given in Table 11.8. Interpret the pattern you will obtain in hydrological terms. 

Exercise 6.4 Table 6.7 presents data of springs located on the shore of the Dead Sea and of the Dead Sea brine. Draw a fingerprint diagram of these data, but omit the first three samples because they include nonspecific numbers (e.g., <0.00014) and these cannot be drawn, and apply only the second Dead Sea set of values. How many logarithmic cycles are needed Interpret the data in hydrological terms. 

Exercise 6.5 Draw a new fingerprint diagram of the data given in Table 6.7 (without the first three samples and using only the second Dead Sea set of values), but this time divide the Dead Sea values by a factor of 10. Compare this diagram with that you have obtained in the last exercise. Is there an improvement What is it ... 

Exercise 6.8 Study the fingerprint diagram of Fig. 6.30 and draw all possible hydrochemical and hydrological conclusions. The data are from known municipal wells, but with no records on depth or casing conditions. 

Fig. 6.30 Fingerprint diagram of old municipal wells of which no records of depth and casing construction are available.

The fingerprint diagram shown in Fig. 7.1 depicts gradual salinization with depth at the Amiaz 1 well, west of the Dead Sea (Mazor et al., 1969). Fresh water was encountered at a depth of 32 m, whereas saline water of the local Tverya-Noit group was found at a depth of 85 m. A practical consequence of this is that some fresh water may be abstracted from a depth of 30-40 m. The example of the Amiaz 1 well can be generalized in each area several water bodies may be passed by a drill. All of them should be documented in the driller s records, all should be measured in situ, and samples should be collected for laboratory measurements. 

Fig. 7.1 A fingerprint diagram of water from various depths collected during drilling of the Amiaz 1 well, west of the Dead Sea (Mazor et al., 1969). Several water horizons with different water qualities were encountered.

The atmospheric noble gases are presented in Fig. 13.5 in a fingerprint diagram. An overall similarity of the line patterns to those of air-saturated water at 15-25 °C is clear. Thus the relative abundances of the four noble... 

The data have to be stored in a form that is easy to understand and use (e.g., in the form of tables, maps, transacts, depth profiles, fingerprint diagrams, composition diagrams, etc.). 

Hydrochemical data can be processed in a variety of ways and, accordingly, can be presented in many different ways, including fingerprint diagrams (section 6.2), composition diagrams (section 6.3), histograms, maps, transects (section 7.9), and a host of other graphic modes. 

---