Diabrotica

The com rootworms Diabrotica barberi and D. virgijera were controUed in the U.S. com belt from 1954 to 1964 by soil appHcations of heptachlor and aldrin. A resistant race of the western com rootworm D. virgijera was first characterized in southeastern Nebraska in 1961 and spread rapidly throughout the entire com belt. Successive introductions of carbamate and organophosphate soil insecticides have increased the cost of com rootworm control from... 

The Diabrotica spp. com rootworm beetles are specifically attracted to a variety of plant-produced phenylpropanoids, eg, ( )-cinnamaldehyde [14371-10-9] for the southern com rootworm D. undecimpunctata howardr, ( )-cinnamyl alcohol [4407-36-7] for the northern com rootworm D. barberi and indole [120-72-9] for the western com rootworm, D. virgifera virgifera. Especially powerflil lures for these rootworm beetles are 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol for the northern com rootworm and 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde [71277-11-7] (177) for the western com bootworm. 

Dimethylnonyl propanoate 196 (Scheme 22), the female produced sex pheromone of several corn root worm species, Diabrotica spp. keeps ( -configuration at the methyl branching, whereas the stereochemistry at the oxygen function may vary with species (including the formation of mixtures) [359,360]. The structure of the pheromone of the southern corn root worm D. undecim-punctata, ( )-10-methyltridecan-2-one 197, is closely related to 196 [361,362]. Compared with 196 and 197, (6R, 122 )-6,10-dimethylpentadecan-2-one 198, the sex pheromone of D. balteata shows similar structural features [363,364]. 

Insecticides Vetch aphid (Megoura viciae) bollworm (Helicoverpa zea) army worm (Spodoptera littoralis) diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) mustard beetle (Phaedon cochleariae) corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata) whitefly Bemisia tabaci) red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). 

The macrolide halichondramide (3)62 showed more than 75% mortality (100 ppm) against newly hatched larvae of the southern com rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi, and the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens.44 The dimeric macrolides swinholide A and... 

Chrysomelidae Diabrotica n-alkanes, alkenes, mono-, D. longicomis General hydrocarbon Golden et al. 

Golden, K.L., Meinke, L. J. and Stanley-Samuelson, W. (1992). Cuticular hydrocarbon discrimination of Diabrotica (Coleoptera Chrysomelidae) sibling species. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 85, 561-570. 

The entire subject has been reviewed in detail several times.32,56,57,65 Recently, a new adsorptive method for the isolation of DIMBOA has been reported.49 The impact of benzoxazinoids on the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera LeConte) development has been studied.17 The allocation of a hydroxamic acid and biomass during vegetative development of rye has been investigated.27 Effects of benzoxazinoids from maize on survival and fecundity of aphids have been explored.13 DIMBOA concentrations have been measured in various isolines of wheat and corresponding plant introduction lines.55 The variation of the content of several benzoxazinoids in relation to the age and plant organ has been determined in maize plants.12... 

The blossoms of Cucurbitaceae are well known to be highly attractive to many species of Diabrotica beetles. However, the volatile compounds that act as attractants differ in different Diabrotica species. Cinnamaldehyde strongly attracts the spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica undecimpunctata hoivardi, whereas 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde is a specific attractant for the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera.51 The northern corn rootworm, Diabrotica barberi, and Diabrotica cristata are attracted to eugenol, cinnamyl alcohol, and 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol. Volatiles of maize, one of the host plants, also attract D. v. virgifera... 

Figure 11 Feeding stimulants for Diabrotica virgifera virgifera identified from maize and sunflower pollen.

Hollister B, MuUin CA (1999) Isolation and identification of primary metabolite feeding stimulants for adult western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Leconte, from host pollens. J Chem Ecol 25 1263-1280... 

Dextrin, as pesticide, 484 Diabrotica longicornis. See Northern corn rootworms... 

Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi. See Cucumber beetles Southern corn rootworms Diagnosis... 

The insecticidal data, recorded as percent mortality, for these pyrethroids on the third-instar larvae of fall armyworm (Spodoptera fruaiperda), tobacco budworm (Heliothis yirescens), corn rootworm (Diabrotica umdecimpunctata howardi) and adult leafhopper (Mascrosteles fascifrons) are shown in Table-I. The concentration at which they were tested ranged from the initial spray concentration of 1000 ppm to in some cases 50 ppm. 

The compounds were evaluated for insecticidal and acaricidal activity against the following species cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni [Hubner]), Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis Muls), southern armyworm (Spodootera eridania [Cram]), pea aphid (Acvrthosiphon pisum [Harris]), twospotted spider mite (Tetranvchus urticae [Koch]) and southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata Howardi). 

Toxicity of the compounds was examined in four types of insects house fly (Musca domestica), mosquito (Aedes aegypti), corn rootworm beetles (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera and Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi) and the German cockroach (Blattella... 

The southern corn rootworm is a member of the genus Diabrotica, family Chrysomelidae. This genus contains a large number of pest species that feed upon include corn, cucumber, squash and melon. Mint and mesquite grass have also been attacked by an occasional species (13). 

Another important member of this family is the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. Our research with this insect s sex pheromone gave ample indication that much can be learned both by biologists and chemists if a project to identify chemical cues is not focused solely on a designated pest species, but is instead broadened to encompass closely related species. 

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