Diabetes human clinical studies

The first mouse monoclonal antibody specific for human CD3 was produced in 1979 and named orthoclone OKT3. Aside from its use in the laboratory, OKT3 became the first anti-CD3 antibody to be utilized in transplantation medicine, but its wider application was hampered by its immunogenic and mitogenic properties (reviewed in [6]). Consequently, humanized and engineered anti-CD3 antibodies were developed to circumvent these limitations (Table 1). Since T cells and the TCR are involved in many immunological diseases, it is not surprising that the application of CD3 antibodies is not restricted to the field of transplantation. For example, CD3 antibodies are tested in clinical studies of diseases such as autoimmune diabetes (type 1 diabetes), immune-mediated inflammatory arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease [7]. 

Peripheral neuropathy (degeneration of peripheral sensory and/or motor neurons) represents another target for neurotrophic intervention. It often occurs as a complication of diabetes or in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. In severe cases, amputation of limbs affected by neuronal loss is warranted. Pre-clinical studies have clearly shown that sensory and sympathetic neurons depleted in peripheral neuropathy respond to NGF. Indeed, NGF, along with IGF-1, can prevent the occurrence of drug-induced peripheral neuropathy in animals. Human clinical trials continue. 

Creatine is not recommended for use by individuals with kidney problems, or by anyone at risk for kidney disease (such as those with a family history of kidney problems or diabetes). Again, further controlled clinical studies are needed to determine the long-term impact and safety of creatine supplement use on human renal function. 

Numerous researchers have drawn attention to the beneficial properties that avocado could provide to human health. Some of these healthy benehts have been summarized in Figure 8.1. Wilson Grant, in 1960, published the hrst clinical study where avocado intake was associated with the maintenance of normal serum cholesterol levels, or even with their reduction [7]. Later on, in the 90s and beginning of 2000 there was an increase in the number of works that studied the relationship between avocado fat and its effect on cardiovascular diseases, cholesterol, lipid profile, weight control, and diabetes [8-16]. While the principal healthy benehts attributed to avocado fruit are the aforementioned, some others have also been evaluated, such as prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis [17,18], anticancer properties [19-24], protective activity against liver injury [25], skin protection [26-28], reduction of risk of macular degeneration [29], inhuence on short-term memory [30], antioxidant activity [31-37], reduction of metabolic syndrome risk [38,39], and anti-inhammatory effects [31,32,40]. 

R. W. Nelson and K. Henley, C. Cole and the PZIR Clinical Study Group, Field safety and efficacy of protamine zinc recombinant human insulin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in cats, J. Vet. Intern. Med., 2009, 23, 787-793. 

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