Development malformed tissues

Several studies indicate that different methods cause adverse effects to embryonic and fetal tissues and eventually lead to the development of teratogenic effects. Metals are omnipresent in the living environment. A variety of anthropogenic activities (e.g., smelting metallic ore, industrial and metal fabrication, commercial application, burning of fossil fuels) have caused adverse effects to the developing fetus. In fact, notorious elements, such as cadmium, lead, and mercury, have been associated with injury and malformation to the growing embryo and fetus of animals and humans.65... 

Teratogenicity specifically refers to the subcategory of pathological effects after the implantation of the embryo and up to the first 3 months of pregnancy in humans, where major tissues and organs differentiate and develop, and major malformations may result. 

A typical RA-receptor is the receptor fiar vitamin A (all-mtws retinol). Vitamin A is essential for pre-and postnatal development. Congenital vitamin A deficiencies are accompanied by a broad spectrum of malformations. In adult life, vitamin A is indispensable for growth, maintenance, and survival of many tissues. It is necessary for vision and reproduction. A lack of vitamin A in the adult causes night blindness and photoreceptor degeneration. But the devel-... 

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