Developing countries, injection

Here are the positive talking points for morphine. First, morphine is a highly effective agent for the treatment of severe pain. It is generally given by injection and relief is very fast. Second, morphine is widely available. Finally, morphine is cheap. For the latter two reasons, morphine is nsed worldwide, not just in developed countries that can afford more expensive (and sometimes extremely expensive) medications. 

In developing countries many infections of the limbs result from exposure to punctures and subsequent contamination by organic material. In hospitals subcutaneous and intramuscular injections and intravenous (peripherally or centrally placed) infusions can be complicated respectively by subcutaneous or intramuscular abscesses and purulent (thrombo)phlebitis and secondary bacteraemia. 

In most developed countries, coal combustion and smelting facilities are required to treat gaseous and particulate arsenic in flue gases before the gases are released into the atmosphere (Chapters 5 and 7). Potentially effective sorbents for flue gas arsenic include hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2, portlandite), lime (CaO), calcium carbonate, limestone, fly ash, and sometimes activated carbon ((Jadhav and Fan, 2001 Lopez-Anton et al., 2007 Helsen and Van den Bulck, 2004), 287, 289 (Taerakul et al., 2006 Gupta et al., 2007) Chapters 5 and 7). The injection of hydrated lime is especially effective and probably... 

Affects the senses, and produces a dissociative anesthesia (catatonia, amnesia, analgesia) in which the patient may appear awake and reactive, but cannot respond to sensory stimuli. These properties make it especially useful for use in developing countries and during warfare medical treatment. Ketamine is frequently used in pediatric patients because anesthesia and analgesia can be achieved with an intramuscular injection. It is also used in high-risk geriatric patients and shock cases, because it also provides cardiac stimulation. 

The next major advance came with the production of a vaccine by Albert Calmette and Jean-Marie Guerin in 1924. They worked with a strain of tuberculosis isolated from cattle Mycobacterium bovis), and this became less virulent on sub-culturing, but could nonetheless provide protection if injected into several different animal species. The vaccine was soon shown to be effective in humans, and was named after its inventors - Bacilli Calmette-Guerin or BCG - and has for many decades been given routinely and with great success as a prophylactic measure to children in most developed countries. 

A nonsurgical vasectomy has been investigated in India. A styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer was injected into the vas deferens to block the duct.76 If removal is desired later, the polymer can be dissolved out with dimethysulfoxide. Reversible vas occlusion has been administered successfully to over 300,000 males. It involves no surgery, is reversible and costs less than 5.00 in developing countries. 

Mass-produced biosynthetic bovine growth hormone, which when injected into dairy cows raises milk production, has been used in many developing countries. However, its use is controversial as questions have arisen regarding its effects on the health of the cows and the people who drink the milk. 

---