Detoxification abilities

Mpller, A. P., Biard, C., Blount, J. D., Houston, D. C., Ninni, P., Saino, N., and Surai, P. F. 2000. Carotenoid-dependent signals Indicators of foraging efficiency, immunocompetence, or detoxification ability Avian Poult. Biol. Rev. 11 137-159. 

Frequently, MCS involves imbalances in one s nervous, immune, and endocrine systems, and impaired detoxification abilities. Conditions such as CFIDS (Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome), fibromyalgia, and Candida Syndrome are frequently found in people with MCS. It is not yet known whether these are separate diseases or whether they represent different manifestations of a common underlying problem. 

In an inciteful discussion of insect-microbe relationships, Jones (10) postulated that insect-microbial associations, known to involve catabolic (e.g. cellulose-degrading) and anabolic (e.g. biosynthesis of vitamins, sterols, and amino acids) processes necessary to the survival of the host, could also include detoxification abilities. Most investigations in this area have been limited (11). Nevertheless, some studies indicate detoxification of terpenoids (12,... 

A parallel example of larval detoxification abilities being retained through evolutionary time is found in swallowtail butterflies (Miller and Feeney, 1989). 

The gold standard for anti-endotoxin peptides is Polymyxin B (PMB), a small cyclic lipopep-tide (O Fig. 17). It neutralizes LPS very efficiently, and has been shown to employ a two-step binding process where it first attaches to the LPS by electrostatic interactions and then inserts its acyl chain into the lipid layer. PMB is used only topically because it is neurotoxic. However, there have been many attempts to design analogs with lower toxicity [245,246,247]. Synthetic anti-endotoxin peptides (SAEP) based on Polymyxin B have been engineered to have low toxicity while retaining the in vitro and in vivo detoxification ability of PMB. Furthermore,... 

It is highly probable that in the reticulo-rumen many of the mineral deficiencies and/or toxicities noted in vitro would not occur because of the recycling of minerals and the detoxification ability of the microflora. However, from evidence available, some minerals can have a pronounced effect on lignocellulose breakdown and are in some instances the first limiting factor in rate and/or extent of lignocellulose degradation. 

Stimmel B, Goldberg], RotkopfE, et al Ability to remain abstinent after methadone detoxification a six year study. JAMA 237 1216—1220, 1977... 

A wide diversity of herbal remedies have purported abilities to stimulate defense functions. Complexes of carbohydrate and lignin, which are present in some herbs, modulate enteric immune functions (Kiyohara et al, 2000), and the changes in cytokine secretion (Matsumoto and Yamada, 2000) can trigger systemic responses. The polysaccharides present in other herbal medicines augment production of immunoglobulin (Ig) A by the Peyer s patches in the small intestine (Sakushima et al, 1997 Yu et al, 1998). The responses of the enteric immune system to lectins are variable (Pusztai 1993), and can elicit systemic responses (Lavelle et al, 2000). Other phytochemicals provide protection by inducing detoxification pathways in mucosal cells (Williamson et al, 1998). 

In a separate study, Igwe and Abia46 determined the equilibrium adsorption isotherms of Cd(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) ions and detoxification of wastewater using unmodified and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-modified maize husks as a biosorbent. This study established that maize husks are excellent adsorbents for the removal of these metal ions, with the amount of metal ions adsorbed increasing as the initial concentrations increased. The study further established that EDTA modification of maize husks enhances the adsorption capacity of maize husks, which is attributed to the chelating ability of EDTA. Therefore, this study demonstrates that maize husks, which are generally considered as biomass waste, may be used as adsorbents for heavy metal removal from wastewater streams from various industries and would therefore find application in various parts of the world where development is closely tied to affordable cost as well as environmental cleanliness.46... 

The presence of benzo[6]thiophene in commercial naphthalene, its possible contamination with isomeric thienothiophenes 1 and 2, and their ability to poison aromatic hydrogenation catalysts led Maxted and Walker to develop detoxification by a preliminary short hydrogenation, in which thienothiophenes 1 and 2, and benzo[6]-thiophene are adsorbed on the catalyst. This is followed by their hydrogenation products that can easUy be oxidized with hydrogen peroxide or permolybdic acid to nontoxic sulfones subsequent hydrogenation of the aromatic hydrocarbons is then performed as usual. 

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