Detonation pressure table

Table 5. Calculated and Experimental Detonation Pressures and Rates of Explosives...

The PETN Detonation Pressure, P (also called the CJ Pressure), is shown as a function of packing density in Table 7 and in Fig 4. Note that the measured P values in Fig 4 lie quite close to the theoretical curve developed by Lee Homig (Ref 72), which is based on a Wilkin s type equation of state (see Vol 4, D294-L) with a Grueneisen ratio, r, for the detonation products, that is solely a function of specific volume. Shea et al obtained an effective T = 8.077 p-12.288 (Ref 74)... 

Tables 2.1 and 2.2 show that theory enables detonation velocities to be calculated in close agreement with those observed experimentally. This, unfortunately, is not a critical test of the theory as velocities when calculated are rather insensitive to the nature of the equation of state used. A better test would be to calculate the peak pressures, densities and temperatures encountered in detonation, and compare these with experimental results. The major difficulties here are experimental. Attempts to measure temperatures in the detonation zone have not been very successful, but better results have been obtained in the measurement of densities and pressures. Schall introduced density measurement by very short X-ray flash radiography and showed that TNT at an initial density of 1 -50 increased 22% in density in the detonation wave. More recently detonation pressures have been measured by Duff and Houston using a method (introduced by Goranson) in which the pressure is deduced from the velocity imparted to a metal plate placed at the end of the column of explosive. Using this method, for example, Deal obtains the detonation pressures for some military explosives recorded in Table 2.3. More...

TABLE 2.4 Detonation Pressures of Commercial Explosives (3-18 cmdiam.)... 

Table 9.3 shows the measured detonation velocities and densities of various types of energetic explosive materials based on the data in Refs. [9-11]. The detonation velocity at the CJ point is computed by means of Eq. (9.7). The detonation velocity increases with increasing density, as does the heat of explosion. Ammonium ni-trate(AN) is an oxidizer-rich material and its adiabatic flame temperature is low compared with that of other materials. Thus, the detonation velocity is low and hence the detonation pressure at the CJ point is low compared with that of other energetic materials. However, when AN particles are mixed with a fuel component, the detonation velocity increases. On the other hand, when HMX or RDX is mixed with a fuel component, the detonation velocity decreases because HMX and RDX are stoichiometrically balanced materials and the incorporation of fuel components decreases their adiabatic flame temperatures. 

Table 9.3 Density, detonation velocity particle velocity, and detonation pressure at the CJ point for various energetic materials.

In general, PBX materials are used for the warheads of rockets and guns. Thus, the detonation pressure pj represented by Eq. (9.7) is the most important parameter above all others. Since the detonation velocity Wj, can be measured more easily and more accurately than pj, performance is evaluated by measuring Wp, which is converted into pj by means of Eq. (9.7). Table 9.6 shows Wj, and p data, along with computed detonation pressures at the CJ point, for various HMX-PBX and RDX-PBXmaterials. 

Refs 1) P. Caldirola 14, 740(1946) (Tables giving relationships between densities -detonation pressures, temp of detonation and velocities of deton for some expls)... 

On the basis of the hydrodynamic theory, the characteristics of detonation have been calculated and values for temperature of detonation, pressure of detonation and velocity of detonation are given for four explosives in Table 5... 

Under the title "Formation of Pressure Wave , Cook (Ref 53, p 324) related the pressure rise in the front of an ait "shock wave to the point at which the initial air shock wave from unconfined charges is obliterated by the emerging gas cloud of the products of detonation. His table 13.3 (our Table 2) presents some selected thermodynamic data computed by R. Becker for air shocks relating, among other quan-... 

The following calcd values of "total detonation pressures are given in Table G5, from Vol 4 of Encycl ... 

Detonation pressures estimated by the simpler method are compared in Table VI with the corresponding ruby values for twenty-eight materials. Since we are at this point concerned only with reproducing ruby results, it is unimportant to the present discussion whether input heats of formation in the ruby computations are accurate although the AH/ for picric acid in Ref,... 

The hand-calculated detonation pressures in Table VI show good agreement with the ruby values. Taking... 

Calculated detonation pressures and percentage differences incorporating this correction are given in parentheses in Table VI for Compounds 1-6. If these hand-calculated values are used, the results break down as follows ... 

The results in Table VI and Fig, 1 of Ref. 1 confirm quite clearly that the K-W equation with Mader s parameters (as reflected in ruby2) accommodates a P=Apt relationship exceedingly well and extends the applicable density range to 1.00-1.96 g/cc. Our many comments regarding possible inadequacies of ruby should markedly weaken the significance of this observation, however, if based on the computer results alone. The suggestion that the P-po2 relationship may be real is therefore made primarily on the basis that, as will be discussed in Paper III of this series,1 the total body of available experimental information on detonation pressures of C-H-N-0 explosives also supports K—2.0 in Eq. (6). 

Furthermore, accepted interpretations of many such experiments have recently been subjected to serious question.18 In consequence, the same experimental information has been taken by different workers18-20 to lead to values of C-J detonation pressures which differ by as much as 15% (see results for NM at 1.128 g/cc, TNT at 1.445 and 1.63 g/cc, and 64/36 RDX/TNT at 1.714 g/cc in Table I). 

Table I. Comparison of Eq. (1) with experimental C—J detonation pressures.

This table shows that the deton pressures... 

The same explanation applies to Fig 3, since on a per-unit-volume basis detonation energy increases as packing d increases, but this is eventually counteracted by incomplete reaction because of hindered oxidizer gas diffusion The effects of ambient pressure and temp (Figs 4 5) are primarily the consequence of reduced sensitivity and will be described later C Detonation Pressure Detonation pressures of Slurries are shown in Table 6, They appear to be quite normal 4 in that T in the equation P = p0D2 / T+l has values near 3. The range of T s in Table 6 is from 2.6 to 3.2... 

This is indeed the case for the exjpls listed in Table 2. Detonation pressures in the top grouping are all in excess of 3G0kb and the products in this grouping all contain more than one mole of H20 per lOOg of expl. In this grouping exptl and computed heats of detonation match almost exactly... 

It is interesting that FOX-7 has the same C/H/N/O ratio as RDX or HMX. Although neither FOX-7 nor (and in particular not) FOX-12 meet RDX in terms of performance (detonation velocity and detonation pressure). Both compounds are much less sensitive than RDX and might be of interest due to their insensitive munition (IM) properties. Table 1.3 shows the most characteristic performance and sensitivity data of FOX-7 and FOX-12 in comparison with RDX. 

Table 3.2 shows how the detonation velocity and the detonation pressure are dependent on the density for selected explosives. 

This table shows that the deton pressures of Tritonal and HBX are smaller than those of TNT and Qtmposition B respectively, even though the d s of the former expls are higher. This is significant in view of the known effect of d on press. The same situation may be observed by compg the deton vel (D), as represented below ... 

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