Deterministic history

The discipline of the dynamic rehability arouse as the means for the study of the interactions of the machine-software systems when we consider not only stochastic failure but also deterministic history of the process variables. The examples of the dynamic aspects are the control/protection systems intervene in the situation when one or more variables exceed a set limit value and then comes a failure an influence of the process variables development on the stochastic behaviour of the system (e.g. increasing of the frequencies of the components failures in consequent of the weight growth of the components during failures), etc. 

Representativeness can be examined from two aspects statistical and deterministic. Any statistical test of representativeness is lacking becau.se many histories are needed for statistical significance. In the absence of this, PSAs use statistical methods to synthesize data to represent the equipment, operation, and maintenance. How well this represents the plant being modeled is not known. Deterministic representativeness can be answered by full-scale tests on like equipment. Such is the responsibility of the NSSS vendor, but for economic reasons, recourse to simplillcd and scaled models is often necessary. System success criteria for a PSA may be taken from the FSAR which may have a conservative bias for licensing. Realism is more expensive than conservatism. 

In a deterministic approach, the instantaneous MWDs are calculated first, and then the accumulated MWD is obtained by integrating the instantaneous MWDs. However, in MC simulations, we can follow the reaction history of each polymer particle directly, and the full MWD is obtained by simulating a large number of polymer particles [263]. Therefore, highly complex reaction kinetics can be simulated directly in a straightforward manner. 

Fig. 6. Variation in equilibrium receptor occupancy, (a) A fictional history of the occupancy of a single receptor is shown. The state of the receptor jumps between 0, unbound, and 1, bound. The mean fraction of time that a particular receptor is occupied is given by L/(KD + L). (b) The actual number of receptors bound on a single cell following a long exposure to a constant ligand concentration is plotted as a function of time. The mean or deterministic prediction for the equilibrium number of bound receptors is RTL/(KD + L).

Equations 15 to 25 demonstrate a versatile approach to the phenomenological modeling. Ohen and Civan (74) present, additional, auxiliary relationships that make this model deterministic. In all there are 12 parameters (kl9 k2,. . . , (directly measured by experiment, some are evaluated through sensibility tests, and the rest are determined by history matching experimental results with simulations. 

The subject of the conference referred to initially concerned basic problems of irreversibility and time asymmetry in quantum mechanics. This topic has been an important issue in the history of quantum mechanics, see Ref. [18] for some recent discussions. The Prigogine or Brussels-Austin School, in particular, is well known for its fundamental presentation of the two conflicting views of nature, on one hand the deterministic time reversible exposition and on the other the evolutionary irreversible character of the universe. These considerations prompt the notion of complexity or complex system calling for novel perspectives. 

Combining the above types of information that policies can base decisions on, the following types of policies are obtained the class H of history dependent randomized policies, the class H"° of history dependent deterministic policies, the class H of memoryless randomized policies, the class n" of memoryless deterministic policies, the class H of stationary randomized policies, and the class H of stationary deterministic policies. The classes of policies are related as follows H C... 

At the same time, happily, fewer and fewer self-identified historians of technology are using deterministic models of technological history. Multi-causeil and value-laden explanations now prevail in articles found in the journal Technology and Culture. 

Hence, the humanistic sense of history is obviously too limited. In deterministic sense history forces natural changes into mechanical succession schemes. For instance, some Author presumes to evaluate the ecological state of a landscape measuring the distance of the present vegetation from the potential one a nonsense, as we will see later on. 

The stochastic version of a memory-free deterministic process is a Markov process — more precisely, a first-order Markov process. It is interesting to remark that in the theory of stochastic processes the concept of history-dependent processes, had been adopted by the time the theory was established (i.e. in the mid-thirties). 

Probabilistic or Deterministic Seismic Hazard at Engineering Bedrock Outcrop (PGA and Suite of Hazard Compatible Acceleration Time Histories)... 

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