Determination of oxidation states

The determination of oxidation states of transition metals such as vanadium, chromium, or molybdenum in supported oxides is difficult, because many of the reduced phases are weak Raman scatterers. In such cases, the combination of UV—vis DRS and Raman spectroscopy is essential for identifying the reduced oxidation states and the extent of reduction. UV—vis DRS provides information about the changes in oxidation state (Weckhuysen, 2003) and the extent of reduction (Gao et al., 1999), and it permits determination of the specific wavelengths at which it is possible to resonantly enhance the Raman signal. 

Mossbauer spectroscopy provides phase identification, determination of oxidation states, and incidentally structure information and particle size. A little used application is to follow in real time the kinetics of phase transitions (carburization, reduction) in catalysts by monitoring the intensities of a few selected peaks in a single velocity experiment. Examples of applications on catalysts have recently been reviewed [43]. 

Messenger S, Walker RM (1998) Possible association of isotopically anomalous cluster IDPs with comet Schwassmann-Wachmann 3. Lunar and Planetary Science XXIX, 1906 Mosbah M, Curaud JP, Metrich N, Wu Z, Delaney JS, San Miguel A (1999) Micro-XANES with synchrotron radiation a complementary tool of micro-PIXE and micro-SXRF for the determination of oxidation state of elements. Application to geological materials. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res 158 214-220... 

The emission of inner-shell electrons from surface atoms is used for chemical analysis and determination of oxidation states. 

Brown, I. D. (1989). A Determination of Oxidation States and Internal Stresses In BaaYCusOx, x = 6-7 Using Bond Valences . J. Solid State Chem. 82,122-131. 

As already mentioned, XANES spectra are strongly affected by the geometry of the first coordination sphere. In Fig. 18.28, the general spectral shape of the Pu and Pu " species is clearly different from that of the dioxo-containing Pu02 and Pu02 species. XANES spectra have potential for the determination of oxidation states and the nearest-neighbor structure in the complex and disordered system. 

Determination of oxidation states in metal and nonmetal hydrides. The... 

Another aspect that brings a significant link between XAS and PX is in the determination of oxidation states at metal centers. Therefore, it was recommended by Hasnain and Strange that all metalloprotein crystallography data... 

Electrochemical Determination of Oxidation State of Chemically Synthesized Emeraldine Base Powder... 

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