Detector definition

There are several important partial results. (1) Definition of quality of the CT-data in relation to the imaging task, including a model of the X-ray paths and how it is used to predict the optimal performance. (2) A model and method to determine how the information of the imaged object transfer from the detector entrance screen through the detector chain to CT... 

Spectroscopy. Infrared spectroscopy (48) permits stmctural definition, eg, it resolves the 2,2 - from the 2,4 -methylene units in novolak resins. However, the broad bands and severely overlapping peaks present problems. For uncured resins, nmr rather than ir spectroscopy has become the technique of choice for microstmctural information. However, Fourier transform infrared (ftir) gives useful information on curing phenoHcs (49). Nevertheless, ir spectroscopy continues to be used as one of the detectors in the analysis of phenoHcs by gpc. 

Infrared (in) spectrometers are gaining popularity as detectors for gas chromatographic systems, particularly because the Fourier transform iafrared (ftir) spectrometer allows spectra of the eluting stream to be gathered quickly. Gc/k data are valuable alone and as an adjunct to gc/ms experiments. Gc/k is a definitive tool for identification of isomers (see Infrared and raman spectroscopy). 

The UV detector is the most popular and useful LC detector that is available to the analyst at this time. This is particularly true if multiwavelength technology is included in the genus of UV detectors. Although the UV detector has definite limitations, particularly with respect to the detection of non-polar solutes that do not possess a UV chromaphore, it has the best combination of sensitivity, versatility and reliability of all the detectors so far developed for general LC analyses. 

A general approach to the problem of identification, should more definitive detectors not be available, is to change the chromatographic system , which in the case of HPLC is usually the mobile phase, and redetermine the retention parameter. The change obtained is often more characteristic of a single analyte than is the capacity factor with either of the mobile phases. 

A more definitive identification may be obtained by combining retention characteristics with more specific information from an appropriate detector. Arguably, the most information-rich HPLC detectors for the general identification problem are the diode-array UV detector, which allows a complete UV spectrum of an analyte to be obtained as it elutes from a column, and the mass spectrometer. The UV spectrum often allows the class of componnd to be determined but the... 

The mass spectrometer provides the most definitive identification of aU of the HPLC detectors. It allows the molecular weight of the analyte to be determined - this is the single most discriminating piece of information that may be obtained - which, together with the structural information that may be generated, often allows an unequivocal identification to be made. 

Peak width definition (threshold) Lets the computer know how to distinguish between true peaks and detector spikes. 

OD Detectors are the classical proportional counters that are used in laboratory goniometers for decades. Because every point of reciprocal space is measured with the same cell, the detector response is uniform by definition. 

This is the differential definition of the absolute intensity. The total absolute intensity can be deduced by integration from Eq. (7.19) and Eq. (7.20) for any normal transmission geometry. Geometries are discriminated by the shape and size of the irradiated volume, the image of the primary beam in the registration plane17 of the detector, and the dimensions of the detector elements18. 

The formal definition of this quality factor, Q, is the amount of power stored in the resonator divided by the amount of power dissipated per cycle (at 9.5 GHz a cycle time is l/(9.5 x 109) 100 picoseconds). The dissipation of power is through the resonator walls as heat, in the sample as heat, and as radiation reflected out of the resonator towards the detector. The cycle time is used in the definition because the unit time of one second would be far too long for practical purposes within one second after the microwave source has been shut off, all stored power has long been dissipated away completely. 

Now that we have completed our expository interlude, we continue our derivation along the same lines we did previously. The next step, as it was for the constant-noise case, is to derive the absorbance noise for Poisson-distributed detector noise as we previously did for constant detector noise. As we did above in the derivation of transmittance noise, we start by repeating the definition and the previously derived expressions for absorbance [3],... 

SUMMARIZE radiation protection principles to include definition of terms, types of radiation, and the basic operation of a gas-filled detector. 

In a cryogenic experiment, one or several detectors are used for a definite goal for which they have been optimized. For example, in CUORE experiment described in Section 16.5, the sensors are the Ge thermistors, i.e. thermometers used in a small temperature range (around 10 mK). One detector is a bolometer made up of an absorber and a Ge sensor. The experiment is the array of 1000 bolometers arranged in anticoincidence circuits for the detection of the neutrinoless double-beta decay. Note that the sensors, if calibrated, could be used, as well, as very low-temperature thermometers. Also the array of bolometers can be considered a single large detector and used for different purposes as the detection of solar axions or dark matter. 

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