Detection of refining

The analysis of the sterenes is complementary to that of the trans fatty acids and vice versa in the detection of refined oil. 

Mariani, C., Venturini, S., Fedeli, E. and Contarini, G. (1994) Detection of refined animal and vegetable fats in adulteration of pure milkfat. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 71, 1381-1384. 

Differentiation Between Virgin and Refined Oiive Oil and Detection of Refined Olive Oil and Seed Oils in Virgin Olive Oil... 

Agiomyrgianaki A, Petrakis PV, Dais P (2010) Detection of refined olive oil adulteration with refined hazelnut oil by employing NMR spectroscopyand multivariate statistical analysis. Talanta 80 2165-2171... 

The principal molecular constituent of thin filaments is actin. Actin has been highly conserved during the course of evolution and is present in all eukaryotes, including single-celled organisms such as yeasts. Actin was first extracted and purified from skeletal muscle, where it forms the thin filaments of sarcomeres. It also is the main contractile protein of smooth muscle. Refined techniques for the detection of small amounts of actin (e.g., immunofluorescence microscopy, gel electrophoresis, and EM cytochemistry) subsequently confirmed the presence of actin in a great variety of nonmuscle cells. Muscle and nonmuscle actins are encoded by different genes and are isoforms. 

According to the chemical analysis and coordination distances, the Rietveld refinement of the crystal structure at room temperature revealed 1.2 Co2+ atoms per unit cell at the Col and Co2 sites, whereas the 1.4 Ag+ cations are spread over the Co3 site, from now on referred to as Ag5 for clarity, and two new sites, Ag2 and Ag3, located near Co2 in the 10-membered ring (Fig. 3). In addition, for this catalyst the presence of Ag° clusters outside the zeolite structure was recognized by the detection of a strong reflection at about 40° 28. In agreement with the lower Ag content, in Ag2.7Co2.8AF the Ag3 site... 

Table 5.8 gives an indication of the range of elements that may be determined. Most procedures will require an analyte concentration of 10-3 mol dm 3 or more, although with special conditions, notably potentiometric end-point detection, the sensitivity may be extended to 1(H mol dm 3. The analysis of mixtures of metal ions necessitates masking and demasking, pH adjustments and selective separation procedures. Areas of application are spread throughout the chemical field from water treatment and the analysis of refined food and petroleum products to the assay of minerals and alloys. Table 5.10 gives some selected examples. 

Although simple intensity correction techniques can be used to develop very adequate XRPD methods of quantitative analysis, the introduction of more sophisticated data acquisition and handling techniques can greatly improve the quality of the developed method. For instance, improvement of the powder pattern quality through the use of the Rietveld method has been used to evaluate mixtures of two anhydrous polymorphs of carbamazepine and the dihydrate solvatomorph [43]. The method of whole pattern analysis developed by Rietveld [44] has found widespread use in crystal structure refinement and in the quantitative analysis of complex mixtures. Using this approach, the detection of analyte species was possible even when their concentration was less than 1% in the sample matrix. It was reported that good quantitation of analytes could be obtained in complex mixtures even without the requirement of calibration curves. 

Very little information could be identified dealing with -hexane levels in sediments and soils. -Hexane has been identified among the contaminants in an offsite oilfield-disposal pit in New Mexico (Eiceman et al. 1986). Since w-hcxanc is a trace constituent of crude oil and natural gas, as well as a component of refined petroleum products, soil or sediment contamination with -hexane can be expected near oilfield production sites, large soil spills, slush pits and other areas around refineries, and in waste sites where petroleum products or other -hexane-containing wastes had been disposed. Detections would also be likely near many tank storage facilities, pipelines, truck or rail transfer sites, car repair facilities, automobile assembly or storage facilities, and auto and truck fueling facilities (DeLuchi 1993). 

Blake, S. B. and Fryberger, J. S., 1983, Containment and Recovery of Refined Hydrocarbons from Groundwater In Proceedings of Groundwater and Petroleum Hydrocarbons — Protection, Detection, Restoration, PACE, Toronto, Ontario. 

Shah, R.R. and Hondeghem, L.M. (2005) Refining detection of drug-induced proarrhythmia QT interval and TRIaD. Heart Rhythm, 2, 758-772. 

Turner, A. S., Lees, A. K., Rezanoor, H. N., and Nicholson, P. (1998). Refinement of PCR-detection of Fusarium avenaceum and evidence from DNA marker studies for phenetic relatedness to Fusarium tricinctum. Plant Pathol. (Oxford) 47, 278-288. 

The earliest possible detection of harm through the vigorous development of spontaneous reporting in every country, the active involvement of professionals and patients in such systems, and the refinement of signal detection methods. 

The assessment of DNA adducts may provide a sensitive indicatCH of previous exposure. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has a lower limit of detection of about 0.08 femtomol per microgram of DNA (Perera et oL, 1982). This assay requires (1) the development of an antibody specific for a certain chemical metabolite bound covalently to DNA and (2) the isolation of DNA from some tissue sample, ag., skin biopsy, or lymphocytes of an exposed individual. It is anticipated that further refinement of such immunologic techniques may lower the threshold of sensitivity by one or two orders of magnitude. One such refined test is the ifitrasensitive ymatic radioimmunoassay (USE-RIA), purported to be about five times more sensitive than ELISA (Hsu et oL, 1981 Shamsuddin et oL, 1985 Harris et oL, 1985). Quantification by the development of monoclonal antibodies to aflatoxin Bj metabolites bound to DNA (Groopman et oL, 1982 Sizaret et oL, 1982) has now been reported. 

In situ hybridization may be defined as the detection of nucleic acids in situ in cells, tissues, chromosomes, and isolated cell organelles. The technique was described in 1969 by two separate groups who demonstrated repetitive riboso-mal sequences in nuclei of Xenopus oocytes using radiolabeled probes (1,2). Refinements in recombinant DNA technology and the development of nonisotopic probe labeling and detection (3) obviate the need for radiation protection and disposal facilities, and have converted nonisotopic in situ hybridization (NISH) from a purely research technique to one that can be used in routine laboratory testing. 

Fragaki, G., Spyros, A., Siragakis, G., Salivaras, E., and Dais, P. (2005). Detection of extra virgin olive oil adulteration with lampante olive oil and refined olive oil using nudear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 2810-2816. 

These versatile microfluidic systems will provide new tools for clinical diagnostics and other important fields of Analytical Chemistry. Future directions point toward the development and refinement of truly self-contained portable p-TAS devices that can be used for point-of-care or on-site analysis. It is foreseeable that in the near future these devices could be routinely employed for the detection of numerous clinically relevant compounds. 

---