Detection of Biomolecules

Another access to TERS in liquids could be afforded by the diving-bell design, 

As shown in the earlier section, a variety of instrumental possibilities are available to achieve optimum TERS results. Depending on the sample, one can choose between back-reflection setup, side illumination, and parabolic mirror setup. On all accounts, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast arguments must be balanced with experimental flexibility. 

This section focuses on the distinction and identification of only a few and potentially even single biomolecules. The first part provides details about differentiation and identification of molecules such as amino acids and deoxyribonucleic acid/ribonucleic acid (DNA/RNA) bases by their TERS spectrum. In the second 

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APPLICATION OF SURFACE-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION IONIZATION TO THE DETECTION OF BIOMOLECULES... 

The label-free detection of biomolecules is another promising field of application for SERS spectroscopy. Tiniest amounts of these molecules can be adsorbed by specific interactions with receptors immobilized on SERS-active surfaces. They can then be identified by their spectra, or specific interactions can be distinguished from unspecific interactions by monitoring characteristic changes in the conformation sensitive SERS spectra of the receptors. 

Although biotin-fluorophores have been described in the detection of biomolecules, namely proteins, peptides, or DNA, most of these loose part of their fluorescence when binding to the tetrameric proteins avidin and streptavidin. 

The detection of biomolecules in meteorite material, and of larger molecules in interstellar space, led to the assumption that the molecules required for biogenesis (or simple precursors for them) could have arrived on the young Earth from space. 

Moritake S, Taira S, Sugiura Y, et al. Magnetic nanoparticle-based mass spectrometry for the detection of biomolecules in cultured cells. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2009 9 169-176. 

Bayer, E.A., and Wilchek, M. (1992) Labeling and detection of proteins and glycoproteins. In Nonradioactive Labeling and Detection of Biomolecules (C. Kessler, ed.), pp. 98-99. Springer-Verlag, New York. 

D. Goncalves, D.M.F. Prazeres, V. Chu, and J.P. Conde, Label-free electronic detection of biomolecules using a-Si H field-effect devices. J. Non-Crystalline Solids 352, 2007-2010 (2006). 

E. Souteyrand, J.R. Martin, and C. Martelet, Direct detection of biomolecules by electrochemical impedance measurements. Sens. Actuators B 20, 63-69 (1994). 

Biomolecules-functionalized CNTs can result in characteristic electric conductivity changes of CNTs (Hou et al., 2003), which may be developed into specific biosensor for ultrasensitive detection of biomolecules such as DNA molecules, bacteria and vims, etc. We also observed that oligo DNA-filled SWCNTs appeared as characteristic Electric Resistance peaks as shown in Fig. 9.22, which also may be used as biosensor to detect biomolecules or sequence DNA sequences. 

Laskey RA (2002) Efficient detection of biomolecules by autoradiography, fluorography or chemiluminiscence. Review 23, Amersham Biosciences... 

Koo, T. W., Chan, S., and Berlin, A. A. 2005. Single-molecule detection of biomolecules by surface-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Opt. Lett. 30(9) 1024—26. 

Kessler, C., ed. (1992) Nonradioactive Labeling and Detection of Biomolecules, Springer-Verlag, New York... 

Schmitt K (2006) A new waveguide interferometer for the label-free detection of biomolecules. PhD thesis, Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg... 

Biomolecular interaction analysis (BIA) is a relatively new technique which enables the detection of biomolecules and the monitoring of interactions between two or more species to be carried out in real time, without the use of labels. The detection principle used depends on the phenomenon of Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). 

Sepulveda, B., Calle, A., Lechuga, L. M., Armelles, G. (2006) Highly sensitive detection of biomolecules with the magneto-optic surface-plasmon-resonance sensor. Optics Letter 31 1085-1087. 

Although such a variety of synthetic methods can be used to produce ZnO nanomaterials, the following section will provide an overview of synthetic procedures to produce ZnO nanomaterials that are further demonstrated for fluorescence detection of biomolecules [61-65], Specifically, the following section will focus on a gas-phase nthetic route exploiting microcontact-printed catalysts and describe an in situ m od for producing ZnO nanorod (ZnO NR) platforms in an array format The physical and optical properties of as-synthesized ZnO NRs will be also discussed. 

Levin CS, Kundu J, Barhoumi A, Halas NJ (2009) Nanoshell-based substrates for surface enhanced spectroscopic detection of biomolecules. Analyst 134 1745-1750... 

Surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) [1-3] is a highly sensitive technique, so sensitive in fact that single molecule detection has previously been reported [4, 5]. It is a very attractive technique for the detection of biomolecules because it produces molecularly specific spectra which make it feasible to easily identify the components of a mixture in a single analysis without extensive separation procedures [6]. 

Freeman RG, Doering WE, Walton ID, Penn SG, Glenn D, Wong F, Natan MJ (2005) Detection of biomolecules using nanoparticle surface enhanced Raman scattering tags. Proc SPIE 5705 114-121... 

PRET Plasmon resonance energy transfer Similar to SERS, plasmon resonance energy transfer (PRET) between biomolecules and the plasmonic nanoparticles that they are adsorbed to allows for detection of biomolecules without appending a fluorophore. This approach yields a considerably higher sensitivity than previously known techniques in addition to spatial resolution amenable for in vivo assays. 

Nie, Self-assembled nanoparticle probes for recognition and detection of biomolecules. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2002, 324, 9606-9612. 

Detection of Biomolecules at Nanostructured Platinum Particles Modified Electrode... 

Analytical chemical studies on high-performance recognition and detection of biomolecules in life 03YZ901. 

Jensen JB, Pedersen LH, Hoiby PE, Nielsen LB, Eolkenberg JR, Riishede J, Noordegraaf D, Nielsen K, Carlsen A, Bjarklev A (2004) Photonic crystal fiber based evanescent-wave sensor for detection of biomolecules in aqueous solution. Opt Lett 29 1974-1976... 

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