Designer condensates

Multiplicative Prefixes. The multiplicative prefixes bis, tris, etc., are used with certain anions for indicating stoichiometric proportions when di, tri, etc., have been preempted to designate condensed anions for example, A1K(S04)2 I2H2O, aluminum potassium bis(sulfate) 12-water (recall that disulfate refers to the anion S20jfi. 

The maximum design condensing temperature will only apply when the ambient is at its hottest, and full advantage should always be taken to allow this temperature to drop at cooler times, down to its minimum working limit (see also [8-10]). Systems should be allowed to drop to a condensing temperature of 25°C when the cooling medium permits this, and some systems can go a lot lower. A true estimate of owning cost should take this into account. 

With these data it was possible to determine the relationship between the water content specification for the gos and condensate. Fig re S shows this relationship ot the design condensate-gos ratio of 180 m /10° m° ond a platform operating temperature of 55°C. 

Wide span and minimal errors are two main features, A properly designed condensation hygrometer can measure dew points from 100 C down to frost poults of 75 C. 

Improved condenser design and operation. In designing condensers, water tank model work proved to be invaluable and has enabled the design of the lead splash rotor to be optimised. 

SO3 combines with water vapor present in the gases and the sulfuric acid formed is condensed on specially designed condensers (where acid mist formation is minimized). 

In order to realize the benefit indicated by the optimization results above, several unit hardware, process control, and operating philosophy changes were needed. First, it was clear that both rcboUers would be required, so the spare bundle was leak-tested and returned to service by operations. Several fin fan motors were also quickly repaired to ensure that design condenser duty was available and overpressurization of the tower would not limit the reboiler duty that could be applied. 

Several precautions must be exercised when designing condensers in which noncondensabie gases (of any concentration) are present ... 

The distillation of rose oil is an art in itself as not only quality but also quantity plays an important role. It takes two distillation cycles to produce between 200 and 280 g of rose oil. Jean-Fran ois Arnodou describes its manufacture as follows (Arnodou, 1991) the still pot is loaded with 400 kg of rose petals and 1600 L of water. The contents are heated until they boil and steam distilled. Approximately, the quantity of owers used is then distilled. That action will last about 2-3 h. Specially designed condensers are required in order to obtain a good quality. The condensing system comprises a tubular condenser followed by a second cooler to allow the oil to separate. The oil is collected in Florentine-type oil separators. About 300 L of the oil-saturated still waters are then redistilled in a separate still in order to recover most of the oil contained in them. Both oils are mixed together and constitute the rose oil of commerce. BIOLANDES described in 1991 the whole process, which uses a microprocessor to manage parameters such as pressure and temperature, regulated by servo-controlled pneumatic valves. 

In the C3sep design (Condensed Contaminant Centrifugal separation), contaminants are condensed and separated by centrifugal forces. Figure 4 shows schematically the basic principal of the technology. 

---