Description morphology

Descriptive morphology often correlates with functional changes. 

An even coarser description is attempted in Ginzburg-Landau-type models. These continuum models describe the system configuration in temis of one or several, continuous order parameter fields. These fields are thought to describe the spatial variation of the composition. Similar to spin models, the amphiphilic properties are incorporated into the Flamiltonian by construction. The Flamiltonians are motivated by fiindamental synnnetry and stability criteria and offer a unified view on the general features of self-assembly. The universal, generic behaviour—tlie possible morphologies and effects of fluctuations, for instance—rather than the description of a specific material is the subject of these models. 

Particle Morphology, Size, and Distribution. Many fillers have morphological and optical characteristics that allow these materials to be identified microscopically with great accuracy, even in a single particle. Photomicrographs, descriptions, and other aids to particle identification can be found (1). 

A number of subdivisions of the maceral groups have been developed and documented by the International Commission on Coal Petrology (14). Table 1 Usts the Stopes-Heeden classification of higher rank coals. Periodic revisions include descriptions of the macerals, submacerals, morphology, physical properties, and chemical characteristics. Theories on the mode of formation of the macerals and their significance in commercial appUcations are also included of Reference 14. 

Characterization. The proper characterization of coUoids depends on the purposes for which the information is sought because the total description would be an enormous task (27). The foUowiag physical traits are among those to be considered size, shape, and morphology of the primary particles surface area number and size distribution of pores degree of crystallinity and polycrystaUinity defect concentration nature of internal and surface stresses and state of agglomeration (27). Chemical and phase composition are needed for complete characterization, including data on the purity of the bulk phase and the nature and quaHty of adsorbed surface films or impurities. 

In the analysis of crystal growth, one is mainly interested in macroscopic features like crystal morphology and growth rate. Therefore, the time scale in question is rather slower than the time scale of phonon frequencies, and the deviation of atomic positions from the average crystalline lattice position can be neglected. A lattice model gives a sufiicient description for the crystal shapes and growth [3,34,35]. 

The morphological variation within the complex is reflected in the number of taxonomic descriptions (ca. 20) that have been published defining species, subspecies. 

Figure 5. Schematic description of a multi-technique approach to the assessment of molecular mobility inside swollen polymeric frameworks as a phenomenon dependent on their morphology at the nanometric scale [14, 21, 22, 108].

Raman spectroscopy allows chemical identification of single phases and in the imaging mode a description of the morphology. Raman bands characteristic of the two main components PA and PTFE are easily distinguishable, as shown in Figure 6, where pure materials have been used from which to record reference spectra. To identify PTFE in the spectra of the bearing the symmetric C-F... 

It is obviously not possible to provide a comprehensive review of plant nematology in one chapter, and readers are directed to descriptions of the taxonomy (Nickle, 1991), morphology (Bird and Bird, 1991), physiology and biochemistry (Perry and Wright, 1998) and cell biology (Fenoll et al., 1997b) of plant-parasitic nematodes. Rather, examples will be provided from plant-parasitic nematodes that emphasize the catholic nature of nematode parasitism. Understanding how the host and parasite communicate,... 

In what follows, we use simple mean-field theories to predict polymer phase diagrams and then use numerical simulations to study the kinetics of polymer crystallization behaviors and the morphologies of the resulting polymer crystals. More specifically, in the molecular driving forces for the crystallization of statistical copolymers, the distinction of comonomer sequences from monomer sequences can be represented by the absence (presence) of parallel attractions. We also devote considerable attention to the study of the free-energy landscape of single-chain homopolymer crystallites. For readers interested in the computational techniques that we used, we provide a detailed description in the Appendix. ... 

Scanning electron microscopy is commonly used to study the particle morphology of pharmaceutical materials. Its use is somewhat limited because the information obtained is visual and descriptive, but usually not quantitative. When the scanning electron microscope is used in conjunction with other techniques, however, it becomes a powerful characterization tool for pharmaceutical materials. 

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