Dermal preparations solutions

Dermal preparations solutions, suspensions and emulsions for cutaneous use, shampoos... 

Triamcinolone acetonide in dermal preparations is processed as a trituration with rice starch (1 10). Here, the particles of triamcinolone acetonide are reduced in size firstly by dissolving the substance in a volatile solvent, after which this solution is rubbed until dry with rice starch. The resulting particles of triamcinolone acetonide of about 5 pm are in this way mixed with and held apart by the starch particles. By pulverising triamcinolone acetonide as such in a mortar such fineness of particles is not achieved. Moreover, agglomerates will be created. Also rubbing the solution until dry without rice starch does not yield a good result. Not only agglomerates will be recreated, but part of the triamcinolone acetonide will crystallise in a coarser form. 

Also linalool alone, one of the most prominent monoterpene alcohols, is used in many dermal preparations as penetration enhancer. In a series of in vitro studies it was shown that linalool enhanced its own penetration (Cal and Sznitowska, 2003) as well as the absorption of other therapeutics, such as haloperidol (Vaddi et al., 2002a, 2002b), metoperidol (Komuru et al., 1999), propa-nolol hydrochloride (Kunta et al, 1997), and transcutol (Ceschel et al., 2000). Cal (2005) showed in another in vitro stndy the influence of linalool on the absorption and elimination kinetics and was able to prove that this monoterpene alcohol furnished the highest absorption ratio compared to an oily solution or an 0/W emulsion. 

Field fortifications were prepared to check the field/storage stability of the dermal dosimeters, handwashes, and air filters. The field fortifications were prepared using the formulated product undiluted for "high" level spikes and diluted with water (-1 pg/mL chlorpyrifos) for the "low" level field spikes. Field fortification solutions for urine were prepared from a 3,5,6-TCP standard in acetonitrile utilizing an 1.2-pg/mL solution for the "high" field fortifications and an -0.01-ug/mL solution for the "low" level fortifications. 

Cisplatin is only available for intravenous use. It is generally supplied in vials as a solution or as a lyophilized powder. The possibility exists for dermal, oral, or inhalation exposure during production, and during preparation of dosing formulations. 

The depth of skin necrosis is directly proportional to the concentration of the TCA. Necrosis should not be the only endpoint of a TCA peel - stimulation also plays an important role. Repeated application of less concentrated TCA helps rebuild the papillary dermis directly and/or indirectly as a result of the repeated dermal irritation of the peel-induced inflammation. It is possible to reach the dermis using a low-concentration solution apphed to an epidermis that has been made temporarily more permeable by a prior peel or robust preparation. 

After leaving the solution to rest for 24 hours and filtering it, UV exposure was what made it effective Solutions not exposed to UV did not appear to work. The skin was also prepared by UV exposure, and the solution was applied five times, leaving each coat to dry before the next application. Urkov then applied an occlusive mask. This mask allowed the superficial layers to hyperhydrate by blocking transepi-dermal water loss (TEWL). The hyperhydration dissolved the salicylic acid that would have precipitated on the skin without occlusion and could not have penetrated, as only the acids in solution can readily penetrate the skin barrier. He then applied zinc stearate powder (which is antiseptic and anti-inflammatory). The erythema subsided in 5-6 days and exfoliation was superficial. The solution can be kept in the fridge for 10 days. 

Lip Eyelid formula is a phenol peel that I first developed to increase dermatological safety and to achieve results without any occlusion on the sensitive skin of the eyelids. The same solution was then applied to the wrinkles around the mouth and then to the whole face, but with 24 hours occlusion in these two indications. It is an oil solution of phenol at over 60%. Four different oils are used in the various stages of the product s preparation. The aim of the oily formulation is to slow down the penetration of the phenol through the skin and to improve dermal and epidermal maceration. It limits the toxicity of phenol by saturating the biochemical hepatic detoxification pathways more slowly. 

Formalin designation herein means that the study either involved direct exposure fo formalin ( 40% aqueous solution of formaldehyde containing 10-15% methanol as a stabilizing agent) or used such a solution as a stock for the preparation of dermally administered material. Percent in table refers to percent formaldehyde. 

It is also apparent that little effort is made to optimize the vehicle for topically administered sensitizers (e.g., dermal, oral cavity). For such applications, one is frequently presented to simple aqueous solutions of ethanol or DMSO. Topical preparations thereby offer a challenge to the formulation expert. Application to the oral cavity and larynx would benefit from bioadhesive formulations to increase the contact time between sensitizer and tissue. A well-designed vehicle could allow topical administration of sensitizers to tumors located close to the skin surface and thus offer an alternative to the present systemic administration. 

Lidocaine is absorbed rapidly after parenteral administration and from the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Although it is effective when used without any vasoconstrictor, epinephrine decreases the rate of absorption, such that the toxicity is decreased and the duration of action usually is prolonged. In addition to preparations for injection, an iontophoretic, needle-free drug-delivery system for a solution of lidocaine and epinephrine (lontocaine) is available. This system generally is nsed for dermal procedures and provides anesthesia to a depth of np to 10 mm. 

Bacitracin is available in ophthalmic and dermatologic ointments the antibiotic also is available as a powder for the preparation of topical solutions. The ointments are applied directly to the involved surface one or more times daily. A number of topical preparations of bacitracin, to which neomycin or polymyxin or both have been added, are available, and some contain the three antibiotics plus hydrocortisone. For open infections such as infected eczema and infected dermal ulcers, the local application of the antibiotic may be of some help in eradicating sensitive bacteria. Bacitracin rarely produces hypersensitivity. Suppurative conjunctivitis and infected comeal ulcer respond well to the topical use of bacitracin when caused by susceptible bacteria. Bacitracin has been used with limited success for eradication of nasal carriage of staphylococci. Oral bacitracin has been used with some success for the treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by C. difficile. Serious nephrotoxicity results from the parenteral use of bacitracin. Hypersensitivity reactions rarely result from topical application. 

Figure 13.7 Two compartmental model used by Cross etal., 1994, 1996, and Roberts and Cross, 1999, to describe the efflux of solutes from tissues after dermal absorption into a perfused limb preparation.

Cross, S.E., Wu, Z.-Y., and Roberts, M.S., Effect of perfusion flow rate on the dermal tissue uptake of solutes after dermal application using the isolated perfused rat hindlimb preparation, J. Pharm. Pharmacol, 1994, 46, 844-850. 

Liquid preparations for cutaneous application are described as preparations with variable viscosity intended for local or transdermal application. This category comprises solutions, emulsions and suspensions for dermal use containing rnie or more active substances in a suitable base. As examples for liquid preparations shampoos and cutaneous foams are defined in Ph. Eur. 

---