Dermal exposure residential occupants

Occupational and Residential Exposure Test Guidelines, OPPTS 875.1100, February 1996, Dermal Exposure - Outdoor, EPA 712-C-96-262, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1996). 

Exposure to organic solvents may occur as a result of occupation, diet, lifestyles, hobbies, etc., in a variety of environments (occupational, residential, ambient). Solvents reach the organism through inhalation, ingestion and dermal exposure. The magnitude of exposures, however, may be modulated by factors such as the use of protective equipment (decrease) or physical exertion (increase). All sources and routes of exposure are integrated in the... 

An important aspect of a refined occupational or residential exposnre assessment (Tier 2 assessment) is inclusion of a study to measure the dermal absorption of the pesticide which enables an estimate of systemic exposnre (dose) to be derived from the measnrement of dermal deposition. This step is necessary to allow comparison with the toxicity data which are generated primarily following oral exposure to the test animals. 

Potential sources of non-occupational human exposure to creosote include contact with creosote-treated wood products (e.g., railroad ties used for landscaping), incineration of creosote-treated scrap lumber, and contact with contaminated environmental media at hazardous waste sites (e.g., ingestion of contaminated ground water). At the Koppers Company, Inc. NPL site in Texarkana, Texas, where a creosote wood treatment facility existed for 51 years prior to being converted to a residential area and an industrial site (sand and gravel company), a study by the Texas Department of Health found an increased incidence of skin rashes in residents who had dermal contact with soil at the site (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 1994). 

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