Depleted uranium internalization

Depleted Uranium Education Project (1997) Metal of dishonor depleted uranium. International Action Center, New York... 

Miller, A.C., Bonait-Pellie, C., Merlot, R.F., Michel, J., Stewart, M., Lison, P.D. (2005). Leukemic transformation of hematopoietic cells in mice internally exposed to depleted uranium. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 279 97-104. 

Civil War to the Persian Gulf War. Ann Intern Med 125 398 405,1996 Institute of Medicine Gulf War and Health, Vol 1 Depleted Uranium, Sarin, Pyridostigmine Bromide, and Vaccines. Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 2000 Joseph SC A comprehensive clinical evaluation of 20,000 Persian Gulf War veterans. Mil Med 162 149-155, 1997... 

Enriched or depleted uranium is usually produced in the form of UF, but is used as metallic uranium or UO2. This requires conversion of UF to UF4 or UO2. UFg is converted to UF4 by vapor-phase reduction with hydrogen. Because the heat of reaction is small, the mixture must be heated. In small reactors used for converting highly enriched uranium, heat is provided internally by reacting fluorine with hydrogen. 

Rokke D (2001) The scourge of depleted uranium The child a victim of war and a messenger of peace United Nations - UNESCO International conference, Athens, Greece, 24-25 May 2001... 

Radenkovic M, Todorovid D, Joksid J (2004) Migration of depleted uranium contamination through the soil. In Antid-Jovanovid A, Anid S (eds) Proceedings on the 7th international conference on fundamental and applied aspects of physical chemistry, Vol II, Belgrade, pp 712-714... 

Busby C (2002) Lymphoma incidence in Italian military personnel involved in operations in Bosnia and in Kosovo. Green Audit Occasional Paper 2002/2, International Action Oiganization, available at http //www.greenaudit.org/depleted uranium.htm... 

Kok, K.D. 2003. Used nuclear fuel/depleted uranium Is it a waste or a resource Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Environmnetal Remediation and Radiactive Waste Management, ICEM 2013, Paper 96001, Sept. 8-12, 2013, Brussels, Belgium. 

Cottrell, C.M., M. Boubcher, M. Chen, Z. Zhang, and S. Kuran, 2013. Natural Uranium Equivalent (NUEO Fuel Full Core Use of Recycled Uranium and Depleted Uranium in CANDU Reactors, Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE 21), Chengdu, China... 

Ideally, the fuel recycling and module fabrication facilities are to be collocated as illustrated, schematically, in Fig. XX-6. The fuel feed to such a site could be spent fuel from LWRs and, when needed, natural or depleted uranium. The only fuel sent out from these sites will be embedded in ENHS modules. The radioactive waste from the fuel processing and from the used ENHS modules will be shipped for disposal in regional or international waste centres. 

Establishment of international nuclear fuel centres that will be able to handle the used ENHS modules, remove the used fuel, and process the fuel to extract fission products. Such fuel centres could also add makeup of depleted uranium or of uranium from LWR discharged fuel and refabricate fuel rods for loading into new ENHS modules. 

As uranium has a density almost 70% higher than that of lead, ammunition made from this metal is an effective anti-tank weapon. When used in combat, the uranium in the bullet ignites upon impact and a cloud of uranium oxide dust is formed. To reduce the radiation risk, depleted uranium (DU) is used in weapon systems of this type. It is obtained as a residue when natural uranium has been enriched in respect of uranium-235. DU is a substance that is only about half as radioactive as natural uranium. But due to its radioactivity - even if it is low - the dust can cause internal injuries if it is inhaled or ingested. 

A core arrangement with annular heterogeneity is used based on the application of internal breeding blankets with depleted uranium dioxide. 

---