Deoxynivalenol derivatives

Vomitoxin is a deoxynivalenol derivative. The toxin causes feed refusal, vomiting, and lower feed efficiency. The brewing industry is especially concerned about these toxins because they may contaminate beer when infested barley or malt is used. 

Aluminium oxide deoxynivalenol in wheat 7 mm at 120 °C, yields a fluorescent derivative under UV light (i = 365 nm) [193, 196]... 

Deoxynivalenol (see Toxins derived from Fusarium graminearum,... 

A GC/MS technique has been developed for the detection of trichothecene mycotoxins. The technique has been used to quantitate the trichothecene deoxynivalenol in corn, wheat and mixed feeds. The trichothecenes are derivatized with heptafluorobutyrylimidazole and the derivatives are separated by gas chromatography. 

There are a large number of different trichothecenes and ideally their analysis requires confirmation using GC-MS and analysis of the macrocyclic trichothecenes, which includes the verrucarins, ror-idins, and satratoxins, requires considerable experience and a specialized laboratory. However, well-established methods are available for individual trichothecenes of particular importance, such as T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, deoxynivalenol, and neosolaniol. The large niunber of Fusarium trichothecenes are acylated derivatives of a much smaller niunber of parent alcohols, such as T-2 tetraol, scirpentriol, deoxynivalenol, and nivalenol, so another approach to their analysis is to hydrolyze the possibly complex mixture of trichothecenes to the parent alcohols and analyze these as their trimethylsilyl ethers. However, when this is done, there is often a poor correlation between total trichothecene content and observed toxicity, reflecting the large differences in the toxicity of different acyl derivatives even of the same parent alcohol. 

Mirocha, C.J., Kolaczkowski, E., Xi, W, Yu, H., Jeleii, H. (1998) Analysis of deoxynivalenol and its derivatives (batch and single kernel) using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46,1414-1418. 

Various derivatives have been explored in various studies e.g. in one study three types of cross-linked chitosan polymers were investigated for their adsorption capability for multiple mycotoxins, including allatoxin Bj (AFB,), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisin B,(FB,), deoxynivalenol (DON) andT-2 toxin (T2). Among these synthetic adsorbents, cross-linked chitosan-glutaraldehyde complex presented the highest adsorption capability for aflatoxin B, (73 %), ochratoxin A... 

Sulyok et al. [113] reported the first validated method for the determination of 39 mycotoxins in wheat and maize by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization-triple quadmpole mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) without the need for any cleanup. The 39 analytes included A and B trichothecenes (including deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside), ZEN and related derivatives, fumonisins, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, ochratoxins, aflatoxins, and moniliformin, and six trichothecene mycotoxins (NIV, DON, fusarenon-X, 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol, 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol, and T-2 toxin). 

Sundstpl Eriksen G, Pettersson H, Lundh T (2004) Comparative cytotoxicity of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, their acetylated derivatives and de-epoxy metabolites. Food Chem Toxicol 42 619... 

Yoshizawa T, Jin YZ (1995) Natural occurrence of acetylated derivatives of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol in wheat and barley in Japan. Food Add. Contam. 12 68x9... 

Vomitoxin is a deoxynivalenol or DON derivative (Figure 6.4) generally produced by Fusarium. Its main occurrence is in maize, although it also infests wheat... 

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