Deniker

Severe withdrawal symptoms, including insomnia, irritability, agitation, withdrawal seizures, and delirium, have been described in both mice and humans chronically exposed to the anesthetics nitrous oxide, ether, and isoflurane (Arnold et al. 1993 Delteil et al. 1974 Deniker et al. 1972 Harper et al. 1980 Smith et al. 1979 Tobias 2000). These symptoms were controlled with the administration of y-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic agents such as pentobarbital, midazolam, and diazepam (Arnold et al. 1993 Hughes et al. 1993). 

Inhalation of other general anesthetics susceptible to abuse, such as ether and chloroform, appears to be limited to health professionals who have easy access to these compounds and who tend to use these dtugs in isolation. Recreational and social use of these substances has been somewhat limited by their high flammability and by frequent and intense undesirable adverse effects at moderate doses. It has been suggested that the abuse of ether or chloroform alone is a rare phenomenon (Delteil et al. 1974 Deniker et al. 1972), occurring usually in the context of dependence on othet substances, particularly alcohol (Krenz et al. 2003). 

Deniker P, Cottereau MJ, Loo H, et al L usage de I ether dans les toxicomanies actuelles. 

Deniker J. (1885). Recherches Anatomique et Embryologiques sur les singes anthropoides, Foetus de Gorille et de Gibbon. Arch Zool Exp Gen 2e, HI, bis Suppl. 

Delay J and Deniker P (1952). Trente-huit cas de psychoses traitees par la cure prolongee et continue de 4560RP. Compte Rendu du Congres Alien Neurologique, 50, 497-502. 

Deniker, P. Impact of neuroleptic chemotherapies on schizophrenic psychoses. Am. J. Psychiatry 135 923-927, 1978. 

Delay and Deniker observe antipsychotic actions of chlorpromazine. 

Dale, Sir Henry 77 Delay 77 Delay, Jean 77 delocalized orbitals 233 Deniker, Pierre 77 Density Functional Theory 55,228,241,271,278 deposition conditions 168 design of the Sawatzky-Kay apparatus 152 Dess-Martin oxidation 11 detailed atomic-level representation 92 determinant 279 diastereoface selectivity 22,... 

It is interesting to note that one of the founders of modern psychiatry, Kraepelin, listed only nine substances that were available for the treatment of psychiatric illness in the 1890s. These were opium, morphine, scopolamine, hashish, chloral hydrate, a barbiturate, alcohol, chloroform and various bromides. Later Bleuler, another founder of modern psychiatry, added paraldehyde and sodium barbitone to the list. Thus psychopharmacology is a very recent area of medicine which largely arose from the chance discovery of chlorpromazine by Delay and Deniker in France in 1952, and of imipramine by Kuhn in Switzerland in 1957. 

Delay, J., Deniker, P. Les neuroplegiques en therapeutique psychiatrique. Therapie 8, 347-364, 1953. 

Deniker, P. Die Geschichte der Neuroleptika. In Linde, O.K (ed.) Pharmakopsychiatrie im Wandel der Zeit. Tilia-Verlag, Klingenmiinster. Germany, 1988, pp. 119-133. 

Chlorpromazine s (CPZ) efficacy was discovered primarily by chance in exploratory clinical trials after it had been initially synthesized as an antihistamine. Its discovery, however, was not entirely fortuitous, because it was chosen for human investigation since it was mildly sedating. The concept of an antipsychotic, however, was unknown. CPZ s sedative properties then led the French anesthesiologist and surgeon Henri Laborit to use it in a lytic cocktail to reduce autonomic response with surgical stress (1). He also persuaded many clinicians to try it for the treatment of a wide variety of other disorders. In this context, he encouraged John Delay and Pierre Deniker (1952), who then administered CPZ to schizophrenic patients. The rest is history ( 2, 3). 

Delay J, Deniker P. Le traitement des psychoses par une methode neurolytique derivee de I hibermotherapie. Congres des medecins alienistes et neurologistes de France, Luxembourg, July 1952 497-502. 

Bradley, P. B., Deniker, P., and Radovco-Thomas, C. Neuropsychopharmacology. New York Elsevier, 1959. 

Delay J, Deniker P, Harl JM (1952) Therapeutic method derived from hibemo-therapy in excitation and agitation states. Ann Med Psychol (Paris) 110(2(2)) 267-273... 

Despite this evidence of the rapidity of the adoption of the new drugs and their influence on psychiatry, many of their advocates complained that there was resistance to using them. Pierre Deniker, one of the French psychiatrists who had first used chlorpromazine with psychiatric patients, complained in an interview in 1971 that this work had roused little interest (quoted in Swazey 1974, p. 138). Subsequently other prominent psychopharmacologists and historians of the period have reiterated this view (Healy 1996 Swazey 1974). Historian Judith Swazey s account of the introduction of chlorpromazine asserts that there was a general reluctance to... 

In 1952 a French surgeon, Henri Laborit, used chlorpromazine to aid anaesthesia in surgical operations. His description of its effects led French psychiatrists Jean Delay and Pierre Deniker to wonder about its... 

Several authors have documented the way that this new type of drug was perceived to work in the early days after its introduction into medicine and psychiatry (Breggin 1993b Cohen 1997 Gelman 1999 Valenstein 1988 Whitaker 2002). In 1952 Delay and Deniker noted that the apparent indifference or delay in response to external stimuli, the emotional and affective neutrality, the decrease in both initiative and preoccupation without alteration of conscious awareness or in intellectual faculties constitute the psychic syndrome due to treatment. They also described how patients returned to normality when the drug was stopped the patient, if he has been pale, regains his normal colour and activity and his normal "spirit" (Delay Deniker 1952, pp. 503-504). 

Several doctors who gave chlorpromazine to their patients in the 1950s compared its effects favourably to those of a frontal lobotomy. American Henry Winkelman, who was investigating chlorpromazine for Smith Kline French in the United States, reported that the drug produced an effect similar to frontal lobotomy making patients immobile, waxlike and emotionally indifferent (Winkelman, Jr. 1954). In a 1955 article Lehmann also speculated that it might prove to be a pharmacological substitute for lobotomy (Lehmann 1955). Delay and Deniker are also said to have compared the effects of chlorpromazine to a frontal lobotomy (Swazey 1974, p. 155). 

At the same conference Pierre Deniker and his colleague declared that... 

Deniker, P. 1960, Experimental neurological syndromes and the new drug therapies in psychiatry, Compr.Psychiatry, vol. 1, pp. 92-102. 

Deniker, P. 1970a, in Discoveries in Biological Psychiatry, F. Ayd B. Blackwell, eds, JB Lippincott Company, Philadelphia. 

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