Degree of reduction

To provide basic geographic units for the air-pollution control program, the United States was divided into 247 air quahty control regions (AQCRs). By a standard rollback approach, the total quantity of pollution in a region was estimated, the quantity of pollution that could be tolerated without exceeding standards was then calculated, and the degree of reduction called tor was determined. States were required by EPA to develop state implementation plans (SIPs) to achieve comphance. 

This depends very largely on the composition of the body and the temperature to which it is fired. The addition of a clay grog will normally reduce the tensile strength but the degree of reduction depends on the proportion used, the grain-size distribution of the grog, and the particle shape. The... 

To represent the balance for NADH using quantitative relationships, we must consider the degrees of reductance of substrate and products. 

The degree of reductance of material is the number of available electrons per atom of carbon and is determined using C(+4), H(+l), 0(-2) and N(-3). So, for biomass with an empirical formula of CHiW JojdOo, the degree of reductance (y) is ... 

The coefficient d denotes the extent to which the reaction occurs relative to the growth reaction. The parameter yp denotes the degree of reductance of product. 

Combining these two rate equations and taking into account the degree of reductance, we have ... 

Determine the degrees of reductance of the carbon substrates shown in Table 3.1. Which substrates are more reduced and which are more oxidised than glucose ... 

Decrease. Decrease in degree of reductance of substrate increases the demand for NADH. See E - 3.7. 

Refer to section 3.1.2 if you were unable to calculate degrees of reductance. 

Suppose you prepared an iron oxide catalyst supported on an alumina support. Your aim is to use the catalyst in the metallic form, but you want to keep the iron particles as small as possible, with a degree of reduction of at least 50%. Hence, you need to know the particle size of the iron oxide in the unreduced catalyst, as well as the size of the iron particles and their degree of reduction in the metallic state. Refer to Chapters 4 and 5 to devise a strategy to obtain this information. (Unfortunately for you, it appears that electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction do not provide useful data on the unreduced catalyst.)... 

Reduction of the catalysts was achieved by passing the reactant gas over the catalyst at elevated temperatures. The time was adjusted to reach the same degree of reduction In each case, and the degree of reduction was checked Independently by 0 titration. Reoxldatlon of the catalyst was accomplished by first flushing the system with helium, then Introducing oxygen-16 or oxygen-18. 

Figure 1. Evolution of the degree of reduction Figure 2. H2-D2 activity of M0S2 (at 323K) tis a function of the reduction temperature. and of RuS2 (at 273K) versus the reduction...

Figure 6. Amount of hydrogen adsorbed and catalytic activity (at 323K) versus the degree of reduction of M0S2.

Upon reduction with methanol at 625 K, the vanadium ions in these samples exhibited an apparent, average degree of reduction of 0.5-0.8 electrons per atom (Table 3). This value... 

Further resolution of the details of oxidative dehydrogenation requires the measurement of a catalyst s degree of reduction carried out during steady state reaction. We note that UV-visible spectroscopy offers a way to perform this measurement since many of the transition metal oxides which are active as oxidation catalysts exhibit striking color changes between their oxidized and reduced states. 

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