Degree of extension

The transition into the oriented state is accompanied by the formation of a neck , a sharp and abrupt local constriction of the sample, in which the extent of orientation and the degree of extension are mudh higher than in the rest of the polymer. After the neck has been formed, further orientation of the sample occurs by spreading of the neck to the entire length of the polymer. When the sample is extended after passing into the oriented state, it undergoes further deformation and at some critical extension it breaks. 

Fig. 13. Phase topogram. Curves 1 and 2-melting temperatures of FCC and ECC as a function of the degree of extension / curve 3 - dependence /4, on crystallization temperature. Arrows show the way of orientational crystallization ...

Chapter 9, Model Frameworks and Template Packages, describes how frameworks are defined in Catalysis and shows how frameworks provide an enormous degree of extensibility to a modeling language. 

Reductions in the degree of extension are scored accordingly, with a score of 4 assigned to denote slightly less than normal extension (-10% less extension. Fig. 4b). 

At high x, stationary flow was not attained. The stationary flow was not detected, perhaps, because of limitations imposed by the experimental procedure, This can be exemplified by Ref. 17> in which the stationary flow was not attained in the nonlinear region and which was detected only in Ref.21 at high degrees of extension. 

In series Nos. 10 and 11, where Hammett s equation is not followed, it is possible that the extent of bond-making and bond-breaking in the transition state no longer remains constant along the series. The p-nitro substituent might well induce a much greater degree of extension in the C-Hg bond in the transition state and so provide some SE1-character to the substitution. 

Extensional viscosity is obviously dependent on average molecular weight, temperature and rate of extension. Apparently, also the tensile strain (degree of extension) is important. 

Tx Minimum requirements for determining the locus or the degree of extension of the primary tumour are not fulfilled... 

Since sedimentation rate studies may be performed using a wide variety of solvent-solute systems, the measured value of the sedimentation coefficient which is affected by temperature, solution viscosity and density, is often corrected to a value that would be obtained in a medium with a density and viscosity of water at 20°C, and expressed as the standard sedimentation coefficient or S20, to. For many macromolecules including nucleic acids and proteins the sedimentation coefficient usually decreases in value with increase in the concentration of solute, this effect becoming more severe with increase both in molecular weight and the degree of extension of the molecule. Hence s2o, to is usually measured at several concentrations and extrapolated to infinite dilution to obtain a value of s2o, to at... 

In isotropic gels, aU values of y between 0 and 180° will occur and a statistical mathematical treatment would be necessary to reveal as to which tendency predominates in a given case. Whichever the result will be, it is clear that always a new equilibrium condition is reached. The swelling, due to the tendency of the system as a whole to reach a state of greater dilution, will be set a limit at a certain degree of extension of the molecular entropy springs. 

Owing to the overall orientation of the molecules, rubberlike substances become birefringent upon extension. The double refraction rises approximately proportional to the degree of extension provided crystallisation phenomena do not interfere. 

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