Decontamination applications

In the past years a large number of decontaminations have been carried out, most of them in nuclear power plants in the USA, with the fields of application ranging from components which have been removed from the primary circuit to subsystems and to full reactor primary systems. In the following section only a few examples will be cited with special respect to the procedures applied a more detailed survey of decontamination applications in water-cooled reactors was given by the IAEA (1994 a). 

Hard decontamination processes were applied for components removed from the primary system such as pumps etc., but also in the final decontamination of the Dresden-1 BWR, which was finally shut down in 1978. The application of these processes resulted in a highly efficient removal of the radionuclides present in the contamination layers however, waste processing and disposal proved to be a major difficulty, and concerns about corrosion effects necessitated a large and expensive materials qualification program. For this reason, and because of the highly successful development of soft decontamination processes, it seems unlikely that hard processes will continue to be used on operating plants. 

In the execution of decontamination processes, special equipment is required in order to ensure full decontamination success and to save time and expenses, and minimize radiation exposure. Since this equipment, which mostly is used once a 

As an example of the decontamination of subsystems, the treatment of a BWR recirculation loop and, in addition, parts of the residual heat removal system and the reactor water cleanup system, by using the Cord process in parallel to the 

System volume (m ) Time required (hours) Number of decont. actions Activity removed (Bq) Decont. factor component Pers. dose applied (mSv) 

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Raymond KN, Smith WL (1981) Actinide-Specific Sequestering Agents and Decontamination Applications. 43 159-186... 

Raymond, K. N., Smith, W. L. Actinide-Specific Sequestering Agents an(l Decontamination Applications. Vol. 43, pp. 159-186. 

Yair S, Ofer B et al (2008) Organophosphate degrading microorganisms and enzymes as biocatalysts in environmental and personal decontamination applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 28(4) 265-275... 

C.K.Jorgensen The Conditions for Total Symmetry Stabilizing Molecules, Atoms, Nuclei and Hadrons. - J. C. Green Gas Phase Photoelectron Spectra of d- and f-Block Organometallic Compounds. - R. Englman Vibrations in Interaction with Inpurities. - W.L.Smith, K, N. Raymond Actinide-Specific Sequestering Agents and Decontamination Applications.- Y Y G. Mourn, I.Moura, A. V.Xavier Novel Structures in Iron-Sulfur Proteins. 

Metal oxides, well known for their industrial applications as adsorbents and catalysts, have many potential decontamination applications such as protective filtration systems for vehicles, aircraft, and buildings and the demilitarization... 

Work with the Joint Chemical and Biological Defense (CBD) Program to reconsider the requirements and technologies for decontamination applications. 

Actinide-Specific Sequestering Agents and Decontamination Applications... 

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