Range data type

Type declaration—Must be placed after CONST sequence and before variable declarations used to define nev (not predefined) data types either as a range of values or as specific values within parentheses and to define arrays, records, and files. User-defined scalar types are ordered in increasing lefl to right sequence. For example. 

The data logger or microprocessor selected by your predictive maintenance program is critical to the success of the program. There is a wide variety of systems on the market that range from handheld overall value meters to advanced analyzers that can provide an almost unlimited amount of data. The key selection parameters for a data acquisition instrument should include the expertise required to operate, accuracy of data, type of data, and manpower required to meet the program demands. 

Computer applications allow for defining and managing several important nonclinical data types that are managed by the system itself. Such data are referred to as metadata or control data. These are information such as domain-specific descriptions, application conditions, parameters, and methods in a repository. Control data fields can be part of the data collection forms or in system-defined tables. Some of these control fields include electronic signatures, form status, transmission date, transmission number, field completed, and memo fields (large text format). The database contains tables for reference ranges, visit schedule, form schedule, labels, and drug codes. 

The tests are conducted on critical data entry fields only. Each tested data entry field is challenged, including special key actions, control keys, invalid data type, out-of-range data, incorrect syntax or semantic, etc. 

However, when the content of the microlithotype vitrite was plotted against fluidity, the result was a considerable improvement though several points still fell off the trend line. To examine this relation between vitrite content and fluidity further, we used reflectivity data that had been obtained on the vitrinitic portion of each size fraction. The reflectance types ranged from VI0 to VI3. (The term reflectance type as used in this paper is equivalent to vitrinoid type as used by Schapiro et al. (2)). The vitrite content of... 

Data Type Height 2.0 fim 0 Data Type Height 2.0 2 range 52.47 nm z range 20.0 nm... 

Instrumentation number, type, location model numbers, software versions tag numbers, data types, valid range... 

Besides differences in the functional form and reference state, from a more practical point of view, the knowledge-based potentials differ also with respect to scope of atom type definitions and the amount of structural data used for their derivation. The number of different atom types ranges from 17 in Drug-Score to 40 nonmetal atom types in BLEEP. In all cases, the Protein Data Bank (321) was the source of the solved crystal structures. For BEEEP 351 selected complexes were used, whereas the PMF function was extracted from 697 complexes, and DrugScore was derived using 1376 complexes. In the latter case, the data have been extracted from Relibase (322,323). 

VBA uses a range of different data types. Table 14-5 lists the built-in data types. 

Data type Storage required Range of values... 

If correlation analysis is used with the raw data, ideally both data types should have similar ranges and distributions. If data is directly linearly correlated, this can be neglected, but is rarely the case for metabolome and transcriptome data. Changes in gene expression may not alter metabolite pools significantly. Therefore, data have to be normalized in an appropriate way and correlation methods other than linear correlation have to be used (e.g., Spearman s rank-order correlation or Kendall rank correlation should be preferred over Pearson correlation). 

Classes can be further characterized by means of attributes. Additionally, binary relations can be introduced between classes. In OWL, attributes and binary relations are represented through the same language primitives, the so-called properties, their ranges are different, though (data types and individuals, respectively). Properties can be hierarchically ordered, and their usage can be restricted through cardinality constraints and type constraints. Moreover, two properties can be declared to be equivalent or the inverse of each other. Finally, additional logical information can be indicated about binary relations, namely the transitivity and the symmetry of a relation. 

The first step in validation is simply to verify that the remaining errors in the reproduction of the reference data are acceptably small. If the weight factors have been set, as suggested earlier, to the inverse of the acceptable error for each data type, the test is particularly simple. If the final penalty function is lower than the number of data points, the root mean square (rms) error will automatically fall within the acceptable range. The data should also be divided by type and retested, to make sure that the proper balance has been obtained. As before, outliers should be carefully scmtinized. Any errors in the reference data or deficiencies in the functional form are most easily detected at this stage. Plots of calculated vs. reference data can also give valuable information on trends in remaining deviations and possible systematic errors (20). 

The following SQL defines the type range, creates a sample table, and shows a selection of data from the table. Populating the table with data is not shown here. 

These help in using the range data type, for example ... 

It is always possible to use the ordinary external representation of the range data type using parentheses, but using range format and range text conforms to more common representations of data like these. It is possible to automate the range to text conversion even more, using the create cast SQL command, as follows. 

Since the range data type is not a standard SQL data type, the standard SQL operators cannot be used with this data type. However, new operators can be defined using SQL functions. Since the range data type is so similar to the float data type, implicit conversion to float is appropriate. This automatically allows many of the standard SQL operators to work with exact(=) range values. 

As with the range text conversion, the range float conversion allows range values to be converted to float, whenever possible. This makes the following SQL work without explicit definition of the sqrt function for range data types. 

In order to properly compare range values it is necessary to define functions that operate directly on the range data type, rather than indirectly after the implicit conversion to float. The following functions define how two range values should be compared for equality, less than, greater than, etc. 

Another important aspect of objects is the methods that operate on them. An ORDBMS calls these functions, but the effect is the same. As shown in this chapter, the functions defined for new data types enable them to be integrated in the SQL language and handled just like standard SQL data types. This can be by casting the data type, for example, to allow range data to be treated as float. New functions that operate exclusively on range data can be defined, such as range cmp. The ability to define operators of new data types enhances their usability and integration into SQL even more. 

To calculate the 95% confidence limits using Excel, simply type into a blank cell =STDEV(range) TINV(0.05, n-1)/SQRT(n), where range is the range of cells containing the n data. Typing =TINV(0.05, n—1) gives the f-value alone. 

Smalley, P. C. Hale N. A. 1996. Early identification of reservoir compartmentalization by combining a range of conventional and novel data types. Society of Petroleum Engineers, Formation Evaluation, September 19%, 163-169. 

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