Damage state variable

Allen [240], Costanzo et al. [241], and Krajcinovic [242-244] that thermodynamics of appropriate internal state variables for damage in composites under mechanical loads were addressed. Similar to the metal plasticity theoreticians, these researchers employed Coleman and Gurtin s [11] thermodynamic framework to determine the kinetic equations. However, unlike the metal internal state variable community that could quantify the evolution equations for dislocations and damage, these polymer-based composites theoreticians did not propose evolutionary rate equations, but just damage state equations. 

In order to quantify the structure-property relations at each scale, a multiscale hierarchy of numerical simulations was performed, coupled with experiments, to determine the internal state variable equations of macroscale plasticity and damage... 

Fig. 4.11 Corvette cradle modeling and simulation results from the internal state variable plasticity-damage model coupled with the multistage fatigue model demonstrating the capability to predict the experimental result for redesigning the cradle from aluminum to magnesium...

K. Solanki et al., Integration of microstructure-property relationships in an internal state variable plasticity and damage constitutive model for reliability-based optimization in engineering design. (submitted to Journal of Design Engineering). (2008)... 

Physiological disturbances are such factors as consumption of metabolic substrates or tissue damage, while the psychological disturbance factors are those related to, for example, anxiety about work or inadequate social support. Changes in the state variables of the worker are defined by the model as responses. A response is an effect of the dose caused by exposure. For example, hand exertion can cause elastic deformation of tendons and changes in tissue composition and/or shape, which in turn may result in hand discomfort. The dose-response time relationship implies that the effect of a dose can be immediate or the response may be delayed for a long periods of time. 

Where e= strain B = acoustic emission damage variable B can be regarded as the state variables to characterize the level of damage fracture transient when material starts to rupture. 

The fragility curve is defined by a median value of the engineering demand parameter (EDP), which is, for example, spectral displacement in HAZUS and maximum interstory drift ratio (IDR) in Jayaram et al. 2012, and by the variability associated with the estimation of that damage state for that EDP. The median EDP corresponds to the threshold of the damage state. The curve is assumed to follow the cumulative lognormal distribution function as shown below ... 

Experience profound compositional shifts in use May experience phases changes in use Site in the disease s location Operate at variable drug activity Highly nonstationary state kinetics Application technique and amount are highly individualized Applications short-acting Local tissue levels tied to efficacy Used on diseased, damaged skin No easy bioequivalency endpoint Systemic absorption absolutely undesirable, but some unavoidable... 

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