D particle tracks

CFD is obviously a field that changes rapidly. In the first place turbulence modeling is developing very fast. After a long period of increasing complexity 

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Maas, H.G., Gruen, A., and Papantoniou D., Particle tracking Velocimetry in Three-dimensional flows Part I Photogrammetric determination of particle coordinates, Exps. in Fluids, 15, 133-146 (1993). 

Levi, V, Ruan, QQ, and Gratton, E, 3-D particle tracking in a two-photon microscope Application to the study of molecular dynamics in cells. Biophysical Journal 88 (2005) 2919-2928. 

Larachi F, Kennedy G, Chaouki J. A -ray detection system for 3-D particle tracking in multiphase reactors. Nuclear Instrum Methods Phys Res 338, 1994. 

Daumas, F., Destainville, N., Millot, C., Lopez, A., Dean, D. and Salome, L. Confined diffusion without fences of a G-protein-coupled receptor as revealed by single particle tracking. Biophys. J. 84 356-366, 2003. 

Suh J, Wirtz D, Hanes J (2004) Real-time intracellular transport of gene nanocarriers studied by multiple particle tracking. Biotechnol Prog 20 598-602... 

Parker, D., Broadbent, C., Fowles, P., Hawkesworth, M., and McNeil, P. (1993), Positron emission particle tracking—A technique for studying flow within engineering equipment, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A, 326,592-607. 

Parker, D., Dijkstra, A., Martin,T., and Seville, J. (1997), Positron emission particle tracking studies of spherical particle motion in rotating drums, Chem. Eng. Sci., 52, 2011-2022. 

Although not using a 3-D tracking, we have to mention the works related to single-particle tracking devices for such special purposes as motion in a flow or in an electric field. 

Bridgwater, J., Broadbent, C. J., and Parker, D. J., Study of the influence of blade speed on the performance of a powder mixer using positron emmission particle tracking. Trans. /. Chem. E. 71(Part A), 675 (1993). 

Interestingly, the diffusional behavior of membrane proteins measured experimentally by FRAP, FCS, or single particle tracking in cells is more complex than predicted by this model. This technique is described best for the case of cell surface proteins, as assessed by FRAP. Such measurements indicate that diffusion is typically much slower than one would expect based on membrane viscosity. In cell membranes, typical values of D for transmembrane proteins are approximately 0.05 pm /s or less, which is much slower than observed in artificial membranes composed of purified lipids. In addition, a significant fraction of proteins is often immobile over the timescale of diffusion experiments (4, 5). Furthermore, diffusional mobilities vary among proteins, and sometimes they differ for the same protein expressed in different cell lines (4, 5). Deviations from pure diffusion are more readily apparent when the trajectories... 

Two chemists, an American named W. D. Harkins and an Englishman named P.M.S. Blackett, studied this strange phenomenon further. Blackett took photos of 400 000 alpha particle tracks that formed in cloud chambers. He found that 8 of these tracks forked to form a Y, as shown in Figure 29. Harkins and Blackett concluded that the Y formed when an alpha particle collided with a nitrogen atom in air to produce an oxygen atom and a proton, and that a transmutation had thereby occurred. 

Apgar J, Tseng Y, Fedorov E, Herwig MB, Almo SC, Wirtz D. Multiple-particle tracking measurements of heterogeneities in solutions of actin filaments and actin bundles. Biophys J 2000, 79, 1095-1106. 

Jacobs, G. B., D. A. Kopriva, and F. Mashayek. 2001. A particle tracking algorithm for the multidomain staggered-grid spectral method. AIAA Paper No. 2001-0630. 

Lin, J. S., 1981, Particle-Tracking Studies for Solids Motion in a Gas Fluidized Bed, Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. 

Y.S. Fangary, M. Barigou, J.P.K. Seville,, D.J. Parker, "Ruid Trajectories in a Stirred Vessel of Non-newtonian Liquid Using Positron Emission Particle Tracking", Chem. Eng. Sci., 2000, 55, 5969-5979. 

Goswami JN, Jha R, Cal D (1984) Quantitative treatment of anneahng of charged particle tracks in common minerals. Earth Planet Sci Lett 71 120-128... 

Pollock, D. W. (1994) User s guide for MODPATH/MODPATH-PLOT, version 3 A particle tracking post-processing package for the finite-difference ground-water flow model MOD-FLOW. Reston, VA., U. S. Geological Survey. 

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