Cytoplasmic response regulator

The initial steps of the signal pathway for ethylene are at least known to have similarity to two-component regulators of eukaryotes. Each component contains a conserved domain and a variable domain. Most sensor proteins consist of a variable amino-terminal domain (typically located in the periplasmic space flanked by two transmembrane domains) and a conserved carboxyl-terminal histidine kinase domain located in the cytoplasm. Signal perception on the N-terminal domain results in autokinase activity by the histidine kinase domain. The phosphate of the histidine is transferred to a certain aspartate residue within the conserved amino-terminal domain of the cognate cytoplasmic response regulator [116]. 

TCRSs usually consist of a sensor histidine protein kinase, often membrane-bound and containing a periplasmic domain, and a cytoplasmic response regulator... 

Mn(II) and Ca(II) uptake and efflux kinetics in brain mitochondria. The results indicate that Ca(II) accelerates both Mn(II) uptake and release, but Mn(II) inhibits Ca(II) uptake and release. Na(I)-induced release of Ca(II) was inhibited by Mn(II), but the Na(I)-induced release of Mn(II) was not accelerated by Ca(II). These results suggest that altering the active transport of Mn(II) into the mitochondrial pool—in response to changes in extracellular and cytoplasmic Ca(II), Na(I), and K(I)—may be used to rapidly alter the Mn(II) concentration in the cytoplasm, hence regulating cytoplasmic enzymes that respond to Mn(II). The nature of the Ca(II)/ Mn(II) mitochondrial transport system has also been discussed by Allshire et al. [356] and Anderson [357] while the transport and exchange of Mn(II) in heart and endothelial cells have been investigated by Hallam et al. [358], Jacob et al [359], and Rehnberg et al. [360]. 

Analogously, it has been shown that NisK and NisP constitute the histidine proteinase kinase and response regulator components of the nisin signal transduction system [92,101,107]. NisK is a 447-residue, membrane-integrated protein with two potential N-terminal membrane anchors and a cytoplasmic carboxy-terminus [107]. The carboxy-terminus contains a His-238 residue for... 

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