Cytoplasmic location

Studies of other members of the family have also added support to the topological model shown in the Fig. 3. In particular, chemical labelling of the native and mutated tetracycline transporter has confirmed the cytoplasmic location of the N-terminus and the loop connecting transmembrane helices 2 and 3 [231,232]. Protease digestion experiments on this protein have also provided preliminary evidence for the cyto-... 

Hilbi H, R Hermann, P Dimroth (1993) The malonate decarboxylase enzyme system of Malonomonas rubra evidence for the cytoplasmic location of the biotin-containing component. Arch Microbiol 160 126-131. 

CXCR5, and CCR5 during normal B-cell differentiation. The authors propose that the cytoplasmic location of the receptors interferes with migration, thereby accounting for diminished dissemination characteristic of this histologic type. 

Note that, under aerobic conditions, the two NADH molecules that are synthesized are reoxidized via the electron transport chain generating ATP. Given the cytoplasmic location of these NADH molecules, each is reoxidized via the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle (see Topic L2) and produces approximately two ATPs during oxidative phosphorylation or via the malate-aspartate shuttle (see Topic L2) and produces approximately three ATPs during oxidative phosphorylation. 

A typical human cell contains many mitochondria with each mitochondrion having more than one mtDNA. Cytoplasmic location and multiple mtDNAs give mitochondria special characteristics ... 

Tan EY, Campo L, Han C, Turley H, Pezzella F, Gutter KC, Harris AL, Fox SB. Cytoplasmic location of factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor is associated with an enhanced hypoxic response and a shorter survival in invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2007 9 R89. 

The subcellular location of the activities of choline kinase and ethanolamine kinase have not been definitely determined. The study of choline kinase from dodder (Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.) indicated that the activity was primarily mitochondrial (Setty and Krishnan, 1972). On the other hand experiments on spinach leaves showed choline kinase and ethanolamine kinase activities to be cytoplasmic (Macher and Mudd, 1976). Lord et al. (1972), Johnson and Kende (1971), and Morre et al. (1970) all found choline kinase to be cytoplasmically located. 

Regardless of whether the process of nitrate reduction is located in photosynthetic or nonphotosynthetic tissues, it still involves a cytoplasmically located nitrate reductase [reaction (6)] and a nitrite reductase complex [reaction (7)], which is located in plastids. Possible sources of reductant for these reactions have been discussed in several reviews (e.g., Lee, 1980 Abrol et al., 1983 Smirnoff and Stewart, 1985) and the conclusion reached that in heterotrophic (nonphotosynthetic) nitrate assimilation the NADH required by nitrate reductase might be derived from glycolysis, from the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, or even from mitochondrial dehydrogenases (see I e, 1980), whereas the pentose phosphate pathway may be of singular significance in supplying NADPH for nitrite assimilation. As indicated for root tissue by Ernes et al. 

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