Cyclotron facility

Ion beams are useful to simulate the environment in space, where semiconductor devices are exposed to high-energy heavy-ion impact. Incorrect operation of semiconductor devices such as single-event upset results from the heavy-ion irradiation. The cocktail ion families of MjQ = 4 and 5, available at the JAERI AVF cyclotron facility [24], are frequently utilized to investigate the tolerance of the semiconductor devices to the radiation, and to survey highly radiation-tolerant semiconductor devices appearing in the market. Efficiency of the radiation-tolerance testing for thousands of kinds of semiconductor devices has been totally improved by the cocktail acceleration technique. 

The Tandem Accelerator Superconducting Cyclotron facility at Chalk River, which is nearing completion of phase 1, will be capable of accelerating all ions to at least 10 HeV/u. Together with the on-line isotope separator it will provide a powerful means of studying exotic nuclei ... 

We thank the TRIUMF Cyclotron Facility staff, U.S. Office of Naval Research (Contract No. N00014-03-1-0375), and the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research (Contract No. F49620-97-1-0297). 

It requires a great deal of logistics in scheduling PET studies at different sites using a mobile PET scanner. The 18F-FDG must be delivered early in the morning, and enough of it should be available to complete the day s schedule. The mobile PET company may have its own cyclotron and radiochemistry laboratory that supplies 18F-FDG to the van, or it may be purchased from another cyclotron facility. 

Facilities The PET center and/or the cyclotron facility must be registered or licensed by the state for the manufacture of PET radiopharmaceuticals. However, the use of PET radiopharmaceuticals is regulated by the NRC or Agreement States. The license for medical use of radiopharmaceuticals is... 

The need for 18F-FDG is increasing tremendously as the demand for PET procedures for various clinical indications, particularly oncologic indications, increases nationwide. Although the number of cyclotron facilities is increasing in the USA, many hospitals have PET scanners but no cyclotron facility. These hospitals need 18F-FDG to be supplied on a routine basis by a distant cyclotron facility. 

Because of increased demand for PET procedures using 18F-FDG, several commercial vendors have set up cyclotron facilities at many locations around the country and distribute 18F-FDG to distant customers. PETNET, a division of Siemens Medical Solutions, has more than four dozen distribution centers, covering more than 50% of FDG dosages in the USA. Cardinal Health and IBA have the major share of the remaining FDG sales. Many smaller suppliers as well as many academic sites are coming into the market. 

The PET center should be divided into three adjacent sections one for the PET scanner facility one for the cyclotron facility and the third for the office area. The size of the hrst two sections depends on the dimensions of each vendor s equipment, and the third section depends on the size and scope of the operation in a given facility. 

The cyclotron facility should be situated at the farthest location from the inside traffic in the PET center, since its operation is not directly related to the patient and the level of radiation exposure is relatively high in this area. It should consist of minimum four rooms cyclotron room, control room, cooling room, and radiochemistry laboratory. The size of these rooms depends on the size of equipment and space available at the facility, and they should be adjacent to each other. 

In designing a cyclotron facility, the major concern is shielding. Elaborate on different factors that must be taken into consideration in the estimation of shielding around the facility. 

Radionuclides are primarily produced in cyclotrons or reactors, depending on the nuclear reaction required. Very short-lived radionuclides such as C, and are available only in institutions that have a cyclotron facility, and this limits their widespread use. Remote facilities rely on commercially available long- and medium-lived radionuclides In, Ga, etc.) and radionuclides produced by generators (e.g., " Tc). The most commonly used radionuclides in PET and SPECT imaging are listed in Table 1.1. A complete discussion about radionuclide production, labeling conditions, and recent progresses in radiochemistry can be found elsewhere (18-20). 

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