Cyanide-insensitive oxidase

Fig. 7.1 Respiratory chain of acetic acid bacteria. Typical flavoprotein (GADH) and quinoproteins (mGDH and GLDH) are shown. Ubiquinone (UQ) accepts electrons from these dehydrogenases to release the reduced quinone, ubiquinol (UQH2), which is then oxidized by ubiquinol oxidases, ba, UOX, or cyanide-insensitive oxidase (CIO). The ba, UOX has H" " pumping ability...

Cytochrome c oxidase (COX), cytochrome bd (bd), and cyanide-insensitive oxidase (CIO) operons present in the six complete genomes of Acetobacteriaceae. COX and UOX show another group of gene clusters not homologous to COX and UOX, respectively... 

Fig. 7.7 Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree of cytochrome bd subunit I homologues (CydA and CioA). Clades of cytochrome bd oxidase subunit I (CydA) could be separated from those of cyanide-insensitive oxidase subunit I (CioA). CydA clades are finlher separated into three large clades including Proteobacteria (a, p, y), Firmicutes, and Cyanobacteria, the CIO clade seems to be mixed up. Arrows [Escherichia coli, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Gluconobacter, and Pseudomonas) show the enzymes experimentally validated...

Roles of the Two Terminal Oxidases Cytochrome boj and Cyanide-Insensitive Oxidase, CIO... 

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (0, 0.5, 1, 2.5 or 5 g/kg per day) was administered to Fischer 344 rats by oral gavage from birth through lactation day 21 and the activity of several peroxisomal enzymes was determined in the livers, kidneys and brains of the females and their offspring (Cimini et al., 1994). No pups survived exposure to doses of 2.5 g/kg per day. Pup growth was impaired at the two lowest doses. In the liver, cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl-CoA oxidase activity showed similar increases in pups and adult females. 

Suzuki T, Hashimoto T, Yabu Y, Kido Y, Sakamoto K, Nihei C, Hato M, Suzuki S, Amano Y, Nagai K, Hosokawa T, Minagawa N, Ohta N, Kita (2004) Direct evidence for cyanide-insensitive quinol oxidase (alternative oxidase) in the apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum phylogenetic and therapeutic implications. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 313 1044-1052... 

The role of amine oxidase in the inactivation of sympathomimetic amines rests on a much firmer basis. The enzymatic oxidative deamination of tyramine was described first by Hare (87). Kohn (105) partially purified it but the enzyme is widely distributed in mammalian tissues (30,109), is cyanide insensitive (15), and has resisted isolation. The name monamine oxidase has been suggested for the enzyme (154) referred to in the literature as tyramine oxidase, adrenaline oxidase (40), and aliphatic amine oxidase (128). 

Extensive work by Cheah (121, 122, 123, 128, 130), mainly with M. expansa, has shown that large cestodes possess a cytochrome chain which differs from the mammalian system in being branched and possessing multiple terminal oxidases (Fig. 5.11). One branch resembles the classical chain with cytochrome a3 as its terminal oxidase. The terminal oxidase of the alternative pathway, which branches at the level of rhodoquinone or vitamin K, is an o-type cytochrome. Cytochrome o is an autoxidisable b-type cytochrome which is commonly found in micro-organisms, parasitic protozoa and plants. The classical chain constitutes about 20% of the oxidase capacity in cestodes and cytochrome o is quantitatively the major oxidase. Cyanide-insensitive respiration - i.e. where oxygen uptake occurs in the presence of cyanide - is characteristic of most helminths (39). Cytochrome o binds cyanide much less strongly than cytochrome a3, and it seems reasonable, therefore, to equate cyanide-insensitive respiration with the non-classical pathway. 

Alternative oxidase activity in plants and fiingi is dependent on environmental, developmental, nutritional, and other signals (30). We found that while the total level of oxygen uptake (mmol O2 min mg cells ) was relatively constant during the growth cycle of P. rhodozyma, cyanide-insensitive O2 uptake became dominant as the cell population entered stationary phase (Fig. 2). This shift in respiration and probable increased formation of excited oxygen species correlated with an increase in pigmentation of the cells (31). 

Bayne, R. A., Muse, K. E. and Roberts, J. F. (1969) Isolation of bodies containing the cyanide insensitive glycerophosphate oxidase of Trypanosoma equiperdum. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 30 1049-1054. 

Another inhalation study in mice and rats correlated light microscopic and ultrastructural liver effects with liver levels of cyanide-insensitive palmitoyl CoA oxidase, a marker for peroxisomal -oxidation (Odum et al. 1988). Animals were exposed to 200 ppm of tetrachloroethylene for 28 days or 400 ppm for 14,21, or 28 days. Centrilobular hepatocellular vacuolization was induced in mice by tetrachloroethylene exposure. Electron microscopy revealed that this effect corresponded to lipid accumulation. Centrilobular hepatocytes with cytoplasmic eosinophilia on light microscopy had marked proliferation of cytoplasmic peroxisomes at the ultrastructural level, and there was a significant increase in the marker enzyme. These changes occurred in mice at both doses and all exposures and were most pronounced in male mice. Exposed male rats in both dose groups and female rats exposed to 400 ppm developed centrilobular hepatocellular hypertrophy, which ultrastructurally consisted of proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. There was no increase in peroxisomes (Odum et al. 1988). 

KIRIMURA, K., YODA, M., SHIMIZU, H., SUGANO, S., MIZUNO, M., KINO, K., USAMI, S., Contribution of cyanide-insensitive respiratory pathway, catalyzed by the alternative oxidase, to citric acid production in Aspergillus niger, Biosci. Blotechnol. Blochem., 2000, 64, 2034-2039. 

Evidence is accumulating that cyanide-insensitive respiratory systems exist in plants (Laties, 1950 James and Beevers, 1950) it seems unlikely that ascorbic acid can participate in these systems as a respiratory catalyst unless oxidase enzymes insensitive to cyanide and capable of oxidizing... 

Classical responses to peroxisome proliferators, cyanide-insensitive acyl-CoA oxidase activity and increased 12-hydroxylation of lauric acid, were el-... 

In their original paper on adrenochrome, published in 1937, Green and Richter reported that the oxidation of adrenaline to adrenochrome is catalysed by (a) a cyanide-insensitive system present in heart and skeletal muscle and b) the cytochrome-indophenol oxidase system present in all tissues [22]. Since that time, there have been numerous reports of in vitro studies dealing with adrenaline to adrenochrome oxidations catalysed by mammalian body fluid and tissue preparations. 

Mogi T, Ano Y, Nakatsuka T, Toyama H, Muroi A, Miyoshi H, Migita CT, Ui H, Shiomi K, Omura S, Kita K, Matsushita K (2009) Biochemical and spectroscopic properties of cyanide-insensitive quinol oxidase from Gluconobacter oxydans. J Biochem (Tokyo) 146 263-271 Nishikura-Imamura S, Matsutani M, Insomphun C, Vangnai AS, Toyama H, Yakushi T, Abe T, Adachi O, Matsushita K (2014) Overexpression of a type II 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase enhances the biotransformation of quinate to 3-dehydroshildmate in Gluconobacter oxydans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98 2955-2963... 

Cunningham L, Pitt M, Williams HD (1997) The cioAB genes from Pseudomonas aeruginosa code for a novel cyanide-insensitive terminal oxidase related to the cjdochrome bd quinol oxidases. Mol Microbiol 24 579-591... 

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