Current-voltage diagram

Fig. 3-2 Current and voltage measurement in a current-voltage diagram (explanation in the text).

Figure 6.226 Example of a limiting characteristic diagram according to PTB-Report PTB-ThEx-10. The output current/voltage diagram is indicated ( output characteristic ).

Fig. 13 Current-voltage diagram showingthe meaning of activation overpotential for the electrolysis of water using platinum electrodes in alkaline solution. (Reprinted with permission from Ref. 8, Copyright 1998 by Wiley-VCH).

Fig. 5.1. Current voltage diagram for coupled electron transfer processes occuring on a redox catalyst. Ep = mixed potential of the particle E and E = Nemst potentials for the couples D/C+ and AJA respectively...

For comparison of a typical DMFC with hydrogen operated PEFC current voltage diagrams of both fuel-cell types are depicted in Fig. 9.2. 

Other analytical techniques. Electroanalytical methods can also be used to differentiate between ionic species (based on valence state) of the same element by selective reduction or oxidization. In brief, the electroanalytical methods measure the effect of the presence of analyte ions on the potential or current in a cell containing electrodes. The three main types are potentiometry, where the voltage difference between two electrodes is determined, coulometry, which measures the current in the cell over time, and voltammetry, which shows the changes in the cell current when the electric potential is varied (current-voltage diagrams). In a recent review article, 43 different EA methods for measuring uranium were mentioned and that literature survey found 28 voltammetric, 25 potentiometric, 5 capillary electrophoresis, and 3 polarographic methods (Shrivastava et al. 2013). Some specific methods will be discussed in detail in the relevant chapters of this tome. 

Fig. 5. Tentative mixed potential model for the sodium-potassium pump in biological membranes the vertical lines symbolyze the surface of the ATP-ase and at the same time the ordinate of the virtual current-voltage curves on either side resulting in different Evans-diagrams. The scale of the absolute potential difference between the ATP-ase and the solution phase is indicated in the upper left comer of the figure. On each side of the enzyme a mixed potential (= circle) between Na+, K+ and also other ions (i.e. Ca2+ ) is established, resulting in a transmembrane potential of around — 60 mV. This number is not essential it is also possible that this value is established by a passive diffusion of mainly K+-ions out of the cell at a different location. This would mean that the electric field across the cell-membranes is not uniformly distributed.

The current-voltage profile of rectifying junctions is strongly asymmetrical. The reason for this can be explained with the aid of a simple band diagram shown in Figure 14-2. 

This can be elucidated by a corrosion diagram (Fig. 12), which shows in semilogarithmic coordinates current-voltage characteristics for two conjugated reactions. Using condition (43) and neglecting ohmic potential drop in the system, one can find from the intersection of those characteristics the steady state corrosion current icorr and corrosion potential [Pg.283]

Fig. 26. (a) Current—voltage characteristic composed from the two contributions involved in a corrosion process, (b) Corresponding Tafel plots, (c) Impedance diagram for the a.c. irreversible case. 

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of current-voltage characteristics of (a) p-type, (b) n-type, and (c) ambipolar OFET device...

Once again, a box plot diagram is chosen to present the results from current/voltage (I/V) measurements for the FF (Fig. 5.37b) and Voc (Fig. 5.37c). At least 6 different devices were evaluated for each LiF thickness, the latter being varied between 0 A and 15 A. Upon insertion of only 3 A of LiF, the FF already increased by about 20% compared to otherwise identical reference devices with a pristine Al electrode. Together with an Isc of 5.25 mA/cm2 and a Uoc of 825 mV, the white light power conversion efficiency under 800 W/m2 at 50°C is calculated to be 3.3%. (Note that this is a white light efficiency which is not corrected by a spectral mismatch factor M.)... 

Fig. 32 Diagrams showing current-voltage curves measured at a microdisc electrode at scan rates corresponding to the limits of (a) convergent diffusion and (b) planar...

Fig. 3.1 AC losses in a dielectric (a) circuit diagram, (b) Argand diagram of complex current-voltage relationship.

A simple analytical model of thermionic converter performance must be made before the impact of converter performance on system behavior can be studied. Fortunately, a very simple model of converter performance has been found to be sufficiently accurate for this purpose. The ideal thermionic diode serves as the basis for this model. Motive diagrams and converter current voltage characteristics for an ideal diode are shown in Figure 2. 

Figure 2. Current-voltage characteristics of an ideal thermionic converter. Top J-V curve Bottom Electron notive diagram for two different conditions.

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