Gill current

Those interested in long-line currents are referred to the publications of Gish , Gill and Rogers and Mudd". 

As outlined in the excellent review by Gilles and Brogden [9], the current indications for rifaximin include surgical prophylaxis and the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy, infectious diarrhea and intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndromes. As such, rifaximin is aimed only at enteric flora. Owing to its lack of absorption, rifaximin will likely not be used for other conditions or indications. Such limited indications should help preserve the activity of the agent, since overuse for common conditions like urinary or respiratory tract infections will naturally not occur. Limited use should help retard the development of resistance among enteric flora. 

Together, the two lobster-generated currents that can be measured around the animal s anterior end are complex and carefully controlled. They are ideally suited to carry urine, urine pheromones, and gill metabolites away from the lobster to specified directions. Simultaneously, the water displaced by these outgoing currents results in incoming currents with chemical signals from the environment that can be sampled by the antennular chemoreceptors. 

One may wonder why lobsters appear to use urine as a dispersal solvent for chemical signals, whereas terrestrial arthropods such as the well-studied insects use direct release of gland products into the air. Perhaps the answer is that small animals in air (such as insects) are always in danger of desiccation. By contrast, marine lobsters and crabs are relatively large and may experience only minor water loss problems due to osmosis. Thus, it may not be difficult for a 500-g lobster to store 10 ml of urine and release it during a dominance battle at a rate of up to 1 ml/min (27). The advantage of urine-carried pheromones is that the dispersal mechanism already exists urine is injected into the gill current, which in turn injects into ocean currents. 

Cossins, A.R., and J.A.C. Lee (1985). The adaptation of membrane structure and lipid composition to cold. In Circulation, Respiration, and Metabolism Current Comparative Approaches, pp. 543-552, ed. R. Gilles. Berlin Springer-Verlag. 

By thermally stimulated-current (TSC) techniques, Slowik (1976) measured a zero-field activation energy of 0.60 eV for PVK, slightly lower than the 0.65 eV reported by Gill (1972). The technique used by Slowik is based on an... 

Source Reprinted from J. B. Gill, "The Study of Ion-Ion Interactions in Electrolyte Solutions by Vibrational Spectroscopy, in Chemixlry of Notiaqueous Sotutiom- Current Progress, G. Mamantov and A. I. Popov, cds., VCH Publishers, New Yoih. 1994. p. 203. 

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