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Current control technique

For the electroactive species, the form of the surface conditions depends on the electrochemical technique employed (see Section 1.2). Thus, in current-controlled techniques, the surface condition establishes the surface flux of the species according to the value of the current imposed (Eq. (1.14)). In potential-controlled methods the applied potential determines the surface concentration and flux of the electroactive species through the kinetics of the electrode reaction. In general, for the one-step process (1.1), this can be expressed according to the following first-order rate law for an interfacial process ... [Pg.16]

Fig. 21.2. Two-microelectrode current-clamp technique used to observe, in single Ascaris body muscle cells in a body-flap preparation, the response to a controlled pulsed application of levamisole. One micropipette, to measure membrane potential, and another micropipette, to inject current, are inserted inside the area of the muscle cell known as the bag region. Levamisole is applied in a time- and pressure-controlled manner from a microcatheter placed over the bag region of the muscle. A second microcatheter is used to apply additional chemical agents (Martin, 1982). Fig. 21.2. Two-microelectrode current-clamp technique used to observe, in single Ascaris body muscle cells in a body-flap preparation, the response to a controlled pulsed application of levamisole. One micropipette, to measure membrane potential, and another micropipette, to inject current, are inserted inside the area of the muscle cell known as the bag region. Levamisole is applied in a time- and pressure-controlled manner from a microcatheter placed over the bag region of the muscle. A second microcatheter is used to apply additional chemical agents (Martin, 1982).
The ban on the use of leaded gasoline in the 1970s produced one of the most successful episodes in the search for the control of air pollutants. As already noted, the concentration of lead in the air dropped dramatically and to very low levels within a matter of years after the ban was put into place. Currently, efforts to control lead emissions focus on improving the methods used to remove lead from air and water wastes of smelters, metal processing plants, and other such plants. The most common systems currently used are variations of traditional waste control techniques in which physical devices (such as baghouses) or chemical systems (such as precipitation reactions) are used to extract particles of lead from wastes. [Pg.51]

The paper discusses various factors affecting the design of cooling tower pumps. A review of current cooling tower pump systems is given and efficient pump control techniques are discussed. (In German). [Pg.271]

Nevertheless, current fabrication techniques fall far short of those needed for mass production. Most problematic, perhaps, is the lack of control when it comes to placing the tubes in predetermined positions during device fabrication, where different approaches such as controlled deposition from solution or lattice-directed growth are currently pursued [37]. A remarkable success has been recently achieved in using DNA molecules for the construction of a single CNTFET device [49]. However, more research is needed to assess whether such a biological approach can also be used for the assembly of a large number of devices. [Pg.375]

A variety of traps containing (H-)-dlsparlure as bait are now appearing on the market. However, the value of trapping for reducing populations requires much research before Its value as a control technique can be evaluated. This study Is part of the current ARS research program. [Pg.235]

The constant OF2 yields obtained with current interruptions show we are approaching the consistent operation necessary for pilot plant synthesis or detailed mechanism studies. Our present study provides the necessary analysis, control techniques, and yield data and indicates areas for further possible improvements. However, achieving maximum yields will require study of more variables than we have surveyed here. [Pg.206]


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Control techniques

Controlled-current

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