Cumulate control line

Cumulate control lines vs liquid lines of descent. In a study of the 1931-1986 basaltic eruptions from the Reunion Island (Indian Ocean), Albarede and Tamagnan (1988) found the Ni and Cr concentrations (in ppm) listed in Table 3.1 and shown in Figure 3.2. Samples with Ni>100ppm were found to contain large amounts of cumulus olivine. The last five samples of Table 3.1 are picrites. The smooth trend observed for all the rocks is suggestive of a complementary fractionation-accumulation relationship out of a single magma batch. Therefore, it is asked whether the trend observed for Ni and Cr in basalts with less than 100 ppm Ni may be ascribed to the removal of the olivine found in the cumulates. 

In the present case, the question is whether Reunion olivine-rich rocks belong to a cumulate control line of the basaltic rocks. Through a simple log-log regression, we find that the basalt trend (= the liquid line of descent) can be approximated by a power law, a form justified in Sections 1.5 and 9.3. 

Figure 2. Effect of maitotoxin (MTX) on the log concentration—contractile response curve for Ca in the presence or absence of verapamil or MgCl2 in the rabbit aorta. Control (A), 10" g/mL MTX (o), 10" M verapamil plus 10 g/mL MTX ( ), and 10 mM MgCl2 plus 10" g/mL MTX ( ). The aorta was incubated in a Ca -free solution for 1 hr before the cumulative application of CaCL. Verapamil or MgCl2 and MTX were added 45 and 30 min before the application of CaCL, respectively. The maximum response to norepinephrine (3 x 10" M) is expressed as 100%. Vertical lines indicate the standard error of mean (n=7). (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 13. Copyright 1983 Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge)...

The reaction was followed continuously by measurement of H2 vented, through an electronic pressure controller (Rosemount Inst, model 5866) set at 9 bar, using a wet gas meter. Liquid samples, of 0.5 mL each, preceded by 0.5 mL to flush the line, were removed for NMR analysis at times corresponding to a spread of conversions from 10 to 90% as estimated from the cumulative hydrogen evolution. Spectra were recorded on 0.1 mL samples accurately diluted with 0.5 mL of D2O containing... 

Figure 5.3. Noradrenaline cumulative concentration-effect curves from guinea-pig hypoxic portal vein [21 Ij. All tissues were maintained in glucose-free physiological salt solution in hypoxic conditions. The vertical axis shows the mean force of contraction in response to each noradrenaline concentration on the horizontal axis. The statistical significance of differences between control (n = 20) and vitamin-E-treated (n = 25) muscle responses is shown by, P < 0.001. Vertical lines indicate the standard errors...

Fig. 7 Rescue of AF508-CFTR in HBE isolated from AF508-homozygous CF patients. A Representative short circuit current in AF508-HBE pre-treated for 48-hours with DMSO- (blue line) or 6.7 pM VRT-325 (red line). B Dose response to VRT-325 in FSK-stimulated AF508-HBE in the presence (filled circles) and absence (open circles) of the CFTR potentiator, VRT-532 (n = 5). C Maximum response to 10 iM FSK in AF508-HBE pre-treated with 1500 iM 4-PBA-, 6.7 iM VRT-422- (compoimd 1), 6.7 iM VRT-325-(compound 2), or 1 pM Corr-4a (compound 4), as well as 27°C-treated AF508-HBE. The peak response to forskolin was normalized to that in wild-type-HBE isolated from non-CF subjects (% wild-type CFTR). The dashed line indicates the level of residual (untreated) AF508-CFTR activity in AF508-HBE. D Cumulative data for uncorrected and VRT-325-corrected AF508-HBE with and without addition of the CFTR potentiator, VRT-532. Single asterisk = p<0.05 compared to un-treated controls double asterisk = p<0.01 compared to un-treated controls...

The control chart analysis indicated that the process was in a state of statistical control because none of the averages and ranges was outside its respective control limits. The data distribution (histogram) was deemed reasonably close to a normal distribution (the bellshaped curve superimposed on the histogram) because the cumulative data distribution was close to a straight line on the normal probability plot. 

Regulation of HMG-CoA reductase protein levels is mechanistically complex and subject to multivalent feedback control [141]. The following lines of evidence indicate that HMG-CoA reductase responds to multiple regulatory signals which exert independent, cumulative effects ... 

The gas control panel was used for controlling the flow rates of the feed gases to the reactor (by manual metering valves), and measurement by electronic mass flow meters (Brooks 5860). A flow totalizer measured the flow and also displayed the cumulative flow (at STP). The gas control panel and the reactor were located in a fume hood. The data from the flowmeters, pressure transducers, thermocouples, and the digital tachometer were collected by a data acquisition interface (OMEGA Multiscan 1200) and recorded on-line. 

Figure 13.5 shows the same data as a cumulative frequency plot. The solid black line is the best fit normal distribution. If improved control halves the standard deviation (coloured line) then the mean can be increased by half the current average deviation from target, i.e. 

Fig. 6.19. Experimental results of the on-line controlled emulsion polymerization of S/n-SA (a) cumulative copolymer composition (b) MWD produced at different conversions.

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