Culture questions

Appo, D., Hartel, C. E. J. (2005). On the pathogenicity of culture Questioning the rationality of development programs for perpetually dysfunctional Aboriginal groups. Cross-cultural Management An International Journal, 12 ), 4-30. 

The fate of the about 8 Tg BC yr" widely dispersed on the globe is deposited into oceans and soils. It is known that coal can survive in soils for hundreds of years and can improve soil structure and water budget. The survival of atmospherie coal combustion soot from the Middle Ages can still be seen at old ehurehes and it is cultural question to regard it as patina with respect or unwanted pollution. 

W. G. Thilly, D. I. Arkin, T. S. Nowak, Jr., and G. N. Wogan, Maintenance of perpetual synchrony in HeLa suspension cultures Question of unbalanced growth, Biotechnol Bioeng. 

Because of the very size of the community, and because of the pioneering interest of the American Chemical Society, much statistical information on current American chemistry has been published within the past decade. As is the case with science indicators, this material stresses matters of policy rather than historical or cultural questions. Still, it provides another reference point. The size of the chemical community has also meant that chemists are the one group of scientists for whom long-run information is contained in the reports of the U.S. Bureau of the Census. That material was drawn upon freely, together with an eclectic array of other sources offering statistical information. 

The two categories of data described above relate to immediate causes of error. However, the question of how these factors came to be as they are, involves a consideration of the effects of organizational, and management and cultural issues. 

This problem involves consideration as to the effect of external conditions such as light, heat, moisture, altitude, manuring and other cultural matters, and as is obvious, such considerations may, and do, vary greatly with different plants. Such considerations are to some extent within the scope of the knowledge and skill of the well-trained farmer and the careful distiller. But there are other considerations of a much more abstruse character to be taken into account, and here only the chemist can undertake the necessary investigations. The questions which present themselves for solution are, broadly, some such as the following —... 

Ms. Barker had a bowel resection 4 days ago. After a culture and sensitivity test of her draining surgical wound, the primary health care provider orders penicillin G aqueous IV as a continuous drip. Determine what questions you would ask Ms. Barker before the penicillin is added to the IV solution. 

When a UTI has been diagnosed, sensitivity tests are performed to determine bacterial sensitivity to the drugp (antibiotics and urinary anti-infectives) that will control the infection. The nurse questions the patient regarding symptoms of the infection before instituting therapy. The nurse records the color and appearance of the urine. The nurse takes and records die vital signs. A urine sample for culture and sensitivity is obtained before the first dose of the drug is given. 

Depending on the extent to which you are familiar with your organization s culture and its HRD philosophy, you should be able to answer the majority of the above questions yourself. You could also consult with a few select colleagues, such as those in the HRD function, as well as representatives of senior management levels. 

The discussion above lacks basic data the purpose of our inventory is mainly to raise issues that need to be addressed in the future, and to try to develop a framework that relates these issues to each other, than to supply this lacking data. Because of that, the question of whether aspects of isotopic variation discussed above can be unequivocally identified in the archaeological record in Europe cannot yet be answered. We can, however, state that some form of patterning (as opposed to random variation) can often be observed. In many cases we observe patterns without knowing the precise causes, conceivably because they are the result of more than one factor e g., a climatic and a cultural effect. 

Since our backbone 2 aPNA incorporates six Lys residues in its peptide sequence and is cationic at a physiological pH, we were optimistic that this aPNA would be taken up into cells without the need for any external carrier system. To answer the simple question of whether b2 aPNAs are intemahzed, a standard fluorescence microscopy experiment was performed to see if whole cells that were incubated with a fluorescent-labeled aPNA would internahze labeled material [70]. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells in culture were incubated with BODIPY-la-beled TCCCT(b2) at 37 °C for various periods of time. Following incubation, the cells were rinsed in phosphate-buffered sahne (PBS), fixed with 4% formaldehyde at ambient temperature for 20 min, then washed with PBS and stored in a refrigerator until examined by fluorescence microscopy. 

It is doubtful if there is a difference other than degree between bacteriostatic and bactericidal action. The three situations, growth, bacteriostasis and killing, are represented graphically in Fig. 11.1. The question posed by this notion, to which often there is no precise answer, is How long will a culture of bacteria remain viable when prevented from reproducing ... 

There are significant differences in the control experiments that are possible in each of these systems. Before the quantifier bio- can be applied, the possibility of abiotic alteration of the substrate during incubation must be eliminated or taken into consideration. Only the first design lends itself readily to this control. For experiments using cell suspensions, the obvious controls are incubation of the substrate in the absence of cells or using autoclaved cultures. Care should be exercised in the interpretation of the results, however, since some reactions may apparently be catalyzed by cell components in purely chemical reactions. The question may then legitimately be raised whether or not these are biochemically mediated. Two examples are given as illustration of apparently chemically mediated reactions, which have been referred to in Chapter 1 ... 

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