Culture highlights

National cultural differences. A variety of research studies have highlighted differences between countries in the extent to which they accept and benefit from mentoring as a developmental approach. Table 5.3 and the following comments will explain this statement in more detail (Laurent, 1981, 1983 Hofstede, 1991 Trompenaars, 1993, 1994). 

In the last part of this chapter we also highlighted factors other than mentor and mentee characteristics that influence the extent to which a mentee benefits from a mentoring association. Thus, experience-needs match between mentor and mentee is a vital contributor to a mentee s gains, as is (potentially) their membership of a particular national culture. 

Table 1 shows the relative salt tolerances of agricultural crops. These data serve as a guide to the relative tolerance among crops to adapt the quahty of water to crops patterns under water scarcity. It is important to highlight that absolute tolerances vary with climate, soil conditions, and cultural practices. 

The unprecedented inclusion of culture-bound syndromes in the DSM-IV (APA, 1994) highlights the need to study such syndromes and the chance to develop a research plan that allows a careful, thorough study of the issue. The DSM-IV contains symptomatic descriptions of 25 culture-bound syndromes developed by the Culture and Diagnosis Group (Mezzich et al., 1996), as well as including the definition of culture-bound syndrome. 

The models proposed by Wu et al. [36] and by Lin and Leu [45] refer to continuous conversion processes by immobilized bacteria the first to a fixed mixed culture entrapped into PVA beads operated in a fluidized bed, and the second to BAC of P. luteola operated in a packed bed. Results of these models highlight the role of mass transport phenomena and biophase granule size on reactor performance. 

The value and potential usefulness of a new enzyme depends on its properties and the extent to which it has been characterized. The initial characterization of an enzyme often involves the determination of its pH optimum, stability, gross physical properties, and substrates. The enzymes of L. edodes, typically show pH optima between 3.5 and 5.0, maximal activity at 50 to 60"C, little activity loss until over 70"C, and high relative specific activities (9,14). Below we will highlight some of the other characteristics determined for the major ligninase, p-(l,4)-D-xylanase, and a-(l,3)-L-arabinosidase purified from wood-grown cultures of L. edodes. 

The focus of this book is on methods and processes designed to predict drug-like properties, exposure and safety during hit and lead discovery. We do not intend to cover specific cultural considerations and marketing aspects [3]. What we will highlight is the need of a risk aware environment for drug discovery, where data-based integrated risk assessment is part of daily life of the team and drives the projects towards molecules with features fit for the description of an efficacious and safe medicine. 

Andrew Kakabadse (1983) has highlighted a further, more psychological, factor that needs to be taken into account. This is the tendency that we all have to be directed primarily by reference to our inner guiding lights, our values and needs, on the one hand, or to external considerations such as cultural norms and other people s expectations on the other. Kakabadse s summary of the contrasts between inner-directed and outer-directed people is presented in Box 6.4. 

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