Crystalline Structure Characterization

The BHJ thin-film blends normally contain a donor polymer or small molecule and PCBM. It has been shown that the miscibility of the donor material and PCBM is key in determining the morphology of the blends. It has been 

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Ostrich crystallins structural characterization of 5-crystallin with enzyme activity. Biochem.].,273,295-300. 

Figure 2. Two-step reversible electrochemistry of N,N -dialky-lated pyrazine at moderate potentials in acetonitrile/0.1 M Bu NClO suggested the possibility of isolating the unusually stable radical cation intermediate (K > 10 0 [19]. Selective one-electron reduction of the dication in acetonitrile using iodide eventually yielded a crystalline, structurally characterized material [20].

Disclination A topological defect in a material s liquid crystalline structure characterized by a discrete change in molecular orientation. 

Identification of unknown compounds in solutions, liquids, and crystalline materials characterization of structural order, and phase transitions... 

There is no evidence for the tellurium analogues ArN=Te, but the cyclic trimers (EN Bu)3 (E = Se, Te) are stable crystalline solids that have been structurally characterized (Section 6.3). 

The preparation and structural characterization of the ions HX2 has been an important feature of such work/ As expected, these H-bonded ions are much less stable than Hp2 though crystalline salts of all three anions and of the mixed anions HXY (except HBrI ) have been isolated by use of large counter cations, typically Cs+ and NR4+ (R = Me, Et, Bu") — see pp. 1313-21, of ref. 23 for further details. Neutron and X-ray diffraction studies suggest that [C1-H - C1] can be either centrosymmetric or non-centrosymmetric depending on the crystalline environment. An example of the latter mode involves interatomic distances of 145 and 178 pm respectively and a bond angle of -168 (Cl- -Cl 321.2pm).( >... 

Recently we investigated ferromagnetic properties of CoPt bimetallic nanoparticles [232,233]. CoPt3 nanoparticles can be prepared by a two-step reduction using NaBH4 as a reductant. The bimetallic nanoparticles were characterized by thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), FT-IR, TEM) and XRD. Structural and spectroscopic studies showed that the bimetallic nanoparticles adopt an fee crystalline structure with an average particle size of 2.6 nm. SQUID studies revealed... 

The development of sophisticated new experimental techniques during the last decade has made possible the isolation of stable representatives of the free radical species featuring an nnpaired electron on the heavier group 14 elements, that is, silyl, germyl, and stannyl radicals. This great progress in the isolation of the stable radicals opens unprecedented possibilities for their structural characterization in the crystalline form, which in tnrn enables the direct comparison of the fundamental differences and similarities between the solntion and solid state strnctnres of the free radical species. " ... 

In spite of the numerous spectral observations of complex formation between aromatic and olefinic donors with the dihalogens, the preparations of the corresponding crystalline complexes have been hindered by their enhanced reactivity (as well as the relatively weak bonding). As such, only few examples of the X-ray structural characterization of the corresponding intermolecular associates are reported, the most notable exception being the dibromine complex with benzene. 

Interest in understanding the details of the crystalline structure arises from the fact that crystallinity controls the properties of semi-crystalline polymeric materials. The characterization of each of the phases of the structure has long... 

Recently the pyridine adduct of borabenzene 5 has been synthesized as a yellow crystalline solid (26). Its structural characterization by X-ray methods provides the first structural data of an uncomplexed borabenzene... 

It is shown that electrolytic manganese dioxide, which has been obtained from fluorine-containing electrolytes differs from traditional types of Mn02 obtained by state-of-the-art synthesis methods. This material is characterized by the increased amount of structural defects. It is shown that crystalline structure with a large number of defects has a higher catalytic and electrochemical activity. 

Structural characterization of crystalline phases of poly(methylene-l,3-cyclopentane) samples of different microstructures have also been reported (a) Ruiz de Ballesteros, O. Venditto, V. Auriemma, F. Guerra, G. Resconi, L. Waymouth, R. M. Mogstad, A. L. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 2383. (b) Ruiz de Ballesteros, O. Cavallo, L. Auriemma, F. Guerra, G. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 7355. 

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