Crystalline electrolytes defined

To evaluate the catalytic activity or to investigate the reaction mechanism, planar electrodes with well-defined characteristics such as surface area, surface and bulk compositions, and crystalline structure have often been examined in acidic electrolyte solutions. An appreciable improvement in CO tolerance has been found at Pt with adatoms such as Ru, Sn, and As [Watanabe and Motoo, 1975a, 1976 Motoo and Watanabe, 1980 Motoo et al., 1980 Watanabe et al., 1985], Pt-based alloys Pt-M (M = Ru, Rh, Os, Sn, etc.) [Ross et al., 1975a, b Gasteiger et al., 1994, 1995 Grgur et al., 1997 Ley et al., 1997 Mukeijee et al., 2004], and Pt with oxides (RuO cHy) [Gonzalez and Ticianelli, 2005 Sughnoto et al., 2006]. 

In polymer electrolytes (even prevailingly crystalline), most of ions are transported via the mobile amorphous regions. The ion conduction should therefore be related to viscoelastic properties of the polymeric host and described by models analogous to that for ion transport in liquids. These include either the free volume model or the configurational entropy model . The former is based on the assumption that thermal fluctuations of the polymer skeleton open occasionally free volumes into which the ionic (or other) species can migrate. For classical liquid electrolytes, the free volume per molecule, vf, is defined as ... 

Although being insulators in general at least one crystalline polydiacetylene DCH was found to be electrochemically dopable up to a conductivity of 10 (Qm) by applying an NaJ/J2 electrolytic contact One could think of combining this technique with electron-beam polymerization in order to produce a well-defined conducting pattern at the surface of a diacetylene crystal support or LB system. 

These ions undergo only weak perturbations upon adsorption. Thus, it can be difficult to discriminate species in solution, or in the diffuse doublelayer, from ions at the electrode surface [54]. Better selectivity for adsorbed electrolyte anions has been achieved through use of the surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) technique [22, 54, 89, 90]. Methods for the preparation of quasi-single crystalline thin films are enabling the study of electrolyte adsorption on structurally well-defined surface sites by SEIRAS [22, 89,... 

As a fundamental basis for all STM studies, electrode-electrolyte interfaces must be prepared reproducibly, and methods must be established to observe these interfaces accurately. Well-defined single crystalline surfaces must be exposed to solution to understand surface structure-reactivity relationships on the atomic scale. Efforts have succeeded to produce extremely well-defined, atomically flat surfaces of various electrodes made of noble metals, base metals, and semiconductors without either oxidation or contamination in solution. 

In our consideration we have not yet taken into account that liquid crystals are weak electrolytes possessing the corresponding specific properties [2, 3, 97]. Ions could be created by the action of the external electric field, which favors the dissociation of neutral molecules (chemical degradation) or as a result of electrochemical reactions near the electrode boundaries. The latter process is mainly defined by the injection of the additional charge carriers from the electrodes. In some cases, the appearance of electrohydrodynamic instabilities in the nematic phase does not correlate with such crystalline properties as dielectric Ae or conductivity Aa anisotropy. The only physical reason for these instabilities is nonuniform ion distribution along the direction z parallel to the electric field and perpendicular to the cell substrate. 

An experimental study of methanol oxidation reaction kinetics has been a subject of numerous works, most of which studied MOR on well-defined crystalline catalyst surfaces in contact with liquid electrolyte (Bagotzky and Vasilyev, 1967 Gasteiger et al 1993a Lamy and Leger, 1991 Tarasevich et al 1983). 

The establishment of phase diagrams for polymer electrolyte systems where the stable regions of the various crystalline phases and the intercrystalline amorphous phase are defined, determining the relationship between these and their characterisation as a function of temperature and composition of the electrolyte, is therefore extremely useful, e.g. in predicting the ionic conduction behaviour of electrolytes. These phase diagram studies were initiated because ionic conductivity studies showed considerable variations as a function of several experimental parameters, such as thermal history." ... 

The crystalline and liquid states are not as well defined as those in systems of small molecules, atoms or ions. In polymers, the presence of a crystalline phase can have a significant effect on the properties of the adjacent liquid (amorphous) phase, because the polymer chains in this latter phase may be fixed as part of the crystalline phase. The behaviour of an entirely amorphous electrolyte is different from an amorphous phase with the same composition, in contact with a crystalline phase. 

This complex has also been defined with a n < 8 composition. Kim and Bae, studying the phases of this system over the concentration range 0.05-0.5 (mass fraction of salt), considered the existence of a semicrystalline complex with n < 8 stoichiometry, which agrees with the above results. Ko and colleagues also found an intermediate compound with n < 8, in a study of a hyperbranched polymeric system based on polyols complexed with zinc iodide. In a more recent study, for more diluted electrolytes of the PEO-Znl2 system, with n = 12 and n = 16, a crystalline complex was also found to exist alongside the pure PEO." ... 

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