Crystal, schematic

Figure 3.30 Magnetic domains in a ferromagnetic crystal (schematic). The magnetic dipoles, represented by arrows, are aligned parallel in each domain. The domain walls constitute (approximately) planar defects in the structure.

Figure 13-1. Processes due to photon and particle irradiation of a crystal (schematic). SE = n,h structure element in an excited state.

Figure 13-19 (a) X-ray diffraction by crystals (schematic), (b) A photograph of the X-ray diffraction pattern from a crystal of the enzyme histidine decarboxylase (MW 37,000 amu). The crystal was rotated so that many different lattice planes with different spacings were moved in succession into diffracting position (see Figure 13-20). 

Figure 2. Formation of a planar arrangement of dislocations within one crystal, schematic...

Figure 1.30. Typical finger-print textures in cholesteric liquid crystals schematics (upper) and images (lower). (From Bouligand Kleman, 1970.)...

Fig. 39. Electron-diffraction diagrams of microciystals of cellulose at different states of acetylation and after removal of cellulose acetate by selective hydrolysis A, initial B, sample of DS 2.41 C, sample of DS 2.81. Schematic drawing describing the onset of acetylation of a typical crystalline cellulose, showing how chains that are sufficiently acetylated are partially lifted from the crystal. Schematic representation of the change in cross section of the cellulose crystals from Valonia during partial acetylation. CP/MAS C-NMR spectra of the fraction of cellrtlose remaining as insoluble at increasing acetylation ratio, showing disappearance of the la component. Schematic representation of the localization of one part of the la phase in Valonia cellulose...

Here, we have dubbed /y as the atomic scattering factor of atom j, and its atomic position in the unit cell is given by the real-space coordinates Xj, yj, and Zf, the sum runs over all atoms in the unit cell. Thus, the structure factor F i l (in reciprocal space because it depends on the reciprocal Miller indices) results as the Fourier-transform of a real-space infinite object (the entire crystal), schematically sketched in Figure 2.7. 

Fig. 1.1.4. The cholesteric liquid crystal schematic representation of the helical...

FIGURE 11.4-S MWB batch-automatic melt crystallizer schematic. 

The molecules of n-cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals, schematized on Fig. 5.9, are known to be relatively stable. They form dimers in bulk. ... 

Fig. 4.1. Structure of an oligomer crystal. Schematic drawing showing two layers (for the special case of a rectangular structure, where the chains are oriented perpendicular to the interfaces)...

Fig. 5.1. Structure of an oligomer crystal. Schematic drawing showing two layers...

Fig. 16.3 Stages ofVerneuil growth of ruby without seed crystal, schematic (a) formation of sinter cone and central melt droplet onto alumina rod, (b) growth of the neck for nucleation...

Figure 2. Schematic of the experimental arrangement used for inspection of aluminium plate. Lenses are shown as LI and L2, mirrors as Ml, M2 and M3, and liquid crystal cell as LC...

Figure B3.2.4. A schematic illustration of an energy-independent augmented plane wave basis fimction used in the LAPW method. The black sine fimction represents the plane wave, the localized oscillations represent the augmentation of the fimction inside the atomic spheres used for the solution of the Sclirodinger equation. The nuclei are represented by filled black circles. In the lower part of the picture, the crystal potential is sketched.

Figure B3.2.12. Schematic illustration of geometries used in the simulation of the chemisorption of a diatomic molecule on a surface (the third dimension is suppressed). The molecule is shown on a surface simulated by (A) a semi-infinite crystal, (B) a slab and an embedding region, (C) a slab with two-dimensional periodicity, (D) a slab in a siipercell geometry and (E) a cluster.

Figure C2.2.7. Schematic illustrating tire classification and nomenclature of discotic liquid crystal phases. For tire columnar phases, tire subscripts are usually used in combination witli each otlier. For example, denotes a rectangular lattice of columns in which tire molecules are stacked in a disordered manner (after [33])...

Example of copredpitation (a) schematic of a chemically adsorbed inclusion or a physically adsorbed occlusion in a crystal lattice, where C and A represent the cation-anion pair comprising the analyte and the precipitant, and 0 is the impurity (b) schematic of an occlusion by entrapment of supernatant solution (c) surface adsorption of excess C. 

Figure 4.3b is a schematic representation of the behavior of S and V in the vicinity of T . Although both the crystal and liquid phases have the same value of G at T , this is not the case for S and V (or for the enthalpy H). Since these latter variables can be written as first derivatives of G and show discontinuities at the transition point, the fusion process is called a first-order transition. Vaporization and other familiar phase transitions are also first-order transitions. The behavior of V at Tg in Fig. 4.1 shows that the glass transition is not a first-order transition. One of the objectives of this chapter is to gain a better understanding of what else it might be. We shall return to this in Sec. 4.8. 

Figure 4.13 Schematic illustration of the leading edge of a lathlike crystal within a spherulite.

Fig. 2. Schematic representation of the orientational distribution function f 6) for three classes of condensed media that are composed of elongated molecules A, soHd phase, where /(0) is highly peaked about an angle (here, 0 = 0°) which is restricted by the lattice B, isotropic fluid, where aU. orientations are equally probable and C, Hquid crystal, where orientational order of the soHd has not melted completely.

Fig. 9. Schematic of KNO2 from NH2 and KCl A, KCl—HNO2 reactor B, NOCl oxidizer C, acid eliminator D, gas stripper E, water stripper F, H2O—HNO2 fractionator G, evaporator—crystallizer H, centrifuge I, NO—NO2 absorber , NH2 burner K, CI2 fractionator and L, NO2 fractionator.

Fig. 7. Schematic layout of addressable liquid crystal (LC) panel (a) plane view, (b) side view, (c) section through transistor element, and (d) TFT ia part of...

Fig. 4. Schematic of a multisequence biosensor in which the target glucose is first converted to glucose-6-phosphate, G6P, in the test solution by hexokinase. G6P then reacts selectively with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase immobilized on the quartz crystal surface. Electrons released in the reaction then chemically reduce the Pmssian blue film (see Fig. 3), forcing an uptake of potassium ions. The resulting mass increase is manifested as a...

Fig. 11. Schematic diagram of a simple, perfectiy mixed crystallizer.

Mass Balance Constraints. Erom the schematic diagram of a continuous crystallizer shown ia Eigure 11, the foUowiag mass balance on solute can be constmcted ... 

---