Crystal distribution

Chianese, A., Di Berardino, F. and Jones, A.G., 1993. On the effect of crystal breakage on the fine crystal distribution from a seeded batch crystallizer. Chemical Engineering Science, 48, 551-560. 

Usually, crystallization of flexible-chain polymers from undeformed solutions and melts involves chain folding. Spherulite structures without a preferred orientation are generally formed. The structure of the sample as a whole is isotropic it is a system with a large number of folded-chain crystals distributed in an amorphous matrix and connected by a small number of tie chains (and an even smaller number of strained chains called loaded chains). In this case, the mechanical properties of polymer materials are determined by the small number of these ties and, hence, the tensile strength and elastic moduli of these polymers are not high. 

Charlesby, A., and L. Callaghan Crystal distribution in various poly-ethylenes. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 4, 227—238 (1958). 

The more detailed study of the crystallite size distribution and crystallite arrangement in PPX matrix was carried out for cryochemically synthesized nanocomposite PbS-PPX films in the range of PbS content from 4.7 to 10.2 vol.%. The distribution curves obtained from analysis of wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) data is presented in Figure 10.5 [71, 86]. The curve for nanocomposite with 4.7 vol.% of PbS differs a little from histograms of the crystallite size distribution determined by TEM for nanocomposite films Ag-PPX and Pb-PPX with low metal content [75, 80]. It means that, as the average size of crystals, distribution in the sizes almost does not depend on nature of M/SC incorporated in polymer as a result of cryochemical synthesis. 

What is the relationship between the chemical shift tensor and the shifts measured in liquids The average, or isotropic, chemical shift of the tensor, that is, the mean chemical shift of a large collection of crystals distributed in all orientations in space, is given simply by the average of the three principal values ... 

Oxidation of polymer is accompanied by the change of their structure - physical properties - crystallinity, molecular mobility, strength and so on. Orientation of crystalline regions is disturbed in stressed samples the number of crystals with definite space orientation of crystal lattice axes decreases, the form of the curve of crystal distribution axes in respect to orientation axis changes. Change for the worse of crystals orientation is explained by stress relief, occurring in polymer at the expense of oxidative destruction of macromolecules in amorphous intercrystalline region [301]. 

LLDPE Short branches introduced by a comonomer, usually butene, hexene, or octane with many others comonomer amount and structure Umited with ZN catalysts Short branch content is controlled by comonomer amount, distribution of comonomer not controlled. Slurry (or solution) and gas phase variations. Bimodal crystal distributions and possibly two liquid phases... 

For pressure measurement we used the ruby fluorescence scale, calibrated under quasi-hydrostatic load conditions to 80 GPa with the known equations of state of two metals [7]. The pressure was measured at room temperature using micronsized ruby crystals, distributed on the edge of the sample volume (Fig. 2) to avoid chemical reaction with the sample material during heating. The ruby fluorescence was excited by Ar-laser radiation (Fig. 2). 

The initial configurations exhibit a random orientation of the liquid crystal distributed uniformly over the unit three-dimensional sphere. The system is equilibrated in the isotropic phaae at the nematic potential U = 2 for a time t = 20r (r = l/(6i3 A(l -17/3)) is a characteristic relaxation time). The system is then quenched into the nematic phase at 17 = 6. 

For a statistical overall view, there is instractive to note the organic crystals distribution in the crystalline systems, namely (Belsky Zorky,... 

Partitioning of Elements Between Aqueous Solution and Crystal Distribution coefficient (Kd) is given by... 

The PDLCs emit UV light under irradiation, which intensity increased in the case of the composites containing smaller amount of liquid crystal distributed as smaller droplets—corresponding to the larger interphase surface. 

The design and implementation of control systems for both batch and continuously operated industrial crystallisers can be achieved by mathematical and physical structured models for the process dynamic behaviour and from on-line measurements of the crystal distribution (CSD). 

The classical model of crystalline polarizabilities was introduced at least as early as 1850 by Mosotti, and discussed in an 1879 book by Clausius. The polarizability a of the medium is described in terms of a set of polarizability parameters a.j of the ions j in the crystal distributed in a unit cell of volume. The relation between a and the parameters ccj is (per unit cell)... 

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