Cryogenic process safety

Safety culture, for nuclear power facilities, 17 538 Safety data, developing, 21 844 Safety factors, See also Process safety Safety inspections, OSHA, 21 829 Safety issues/considerations for heated and cryogenic tanks, 24 303 teaching related to, 24 184 Safety issues, emulsion-related, 10 128 Safety measures, improved, 24 184 Safety performance indexes, nuclear power facility, 17 539 Safety regulation(s)... 

However, the European normalization committee is in the process of looking at the issue and is working on the EN-13648-1 Cryogenic vessels -Safety devices for protection against excessive pressure - Part 1 Safety valves for cryogenic service. The tendency is to go to a much more reliable test as described hereafter which will simulate the real process conditions to a greater degree. 

The very large numbers of installations of the PCHF on offshore platforms has ably demonstrated the PI benefits which result from their use - namely the opportunities given to innovative offshore operators to cut costs through improved safety and greatly reduced topside platform size and weight. This is visible in specific areas such as compressor after coolers, gas coolers, gas dehydration trains and cryogenic processes for the removal of inerts from streams. 

Handling and Safety Factors. Oxygen difluoride can be handled easily and safely in glass and in common metals such as stainless steel, copper, aluminum. Monel, and nickel, from cryogenic temperatures to 200°C (4). At higher temperatures only nickel and Monel are recommended. The compatibihty of OF2 with process equipment depends largely on the cleanliness of the equipment contaminants such as dkt, moisture, oil, grease, scale... 

The stresses associated with freezing and drying constitutes limitation to the use of this technique. During atomisation, the protein is exposed to air-liquid interface, which may lead to aggregation. Further limitations to this technique are that it is time consuming and the nature of the process has safety issues with regard to the cryogenic fluids (see Note 4). 

As with laboratory operations, basic safety considerations in low-temperature plants and test sites are similar to those in many chemicalprocessing plants. For example, many of the items considered by Kintz and Hill in their study of safety at gas-processing plants are also applicable to cryogenic facilities. Many of these are also discussed by Armistead, Liston, and Cost." They are considered here under six categories—design concepts, maintenance, normal and emergency operations, personnel protection, and plant and test site protection. 

Modern cryogenics plants are well-instrumented to indicate process temperatures and pressures, flow rates, liquid levels, and contaminant concentrations. These instruments are used for measurement, control, and safety if a particular variable (temperature, pressure, flow rate) falls outside the control range, a corrective action is initiated automatically and, if necessary, an alarm may also be actuated. Complete alarm systems are now available commercially for use with all the common safety devices. Further, many are designed on the failsafe principle and sound an alarm in the event a power failure occurs. 

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