Cryogenic microscopy

In order to image the interaction of phonons with internal structure in a specimen, scattering by thermal phonons can be used to attenuate the acoustic beam in a cryogenic microscope (Foster 1984). Experiments to test this confirmed that the cryogenic microscope was indeed able to detect on one surface of a sapphire disc the arrival of thermal phonons generated by a 

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Two-photon excited fluorescence detection at the single-molecule level has been demonstrated for cliromophores in cryogenic solids [60], room-temperature surfaces [61], membranes [62] and liquids [63, 64 and 65]. Altliough multiphoton excited fluorescence has been embraced witli great entluisiasm as a teclmique for botli ordinary confocal microscopy and single-molecule detection, it is not a panacea in particular, photochemical degradation in multiphoton excitation may be more severe tlian witli ordinary linear excitation, probably due to absorjDtion of more tlian tire desired number of photons from tire intense laser pulse (e.g. triplet excited state absorjDtion) [61],... 

Rugar, D., Cryogenic Acoustic Microscopy, Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, 1981. 

When considering the possible effect of surface structural relaxation on the band structure, at least in what concerns the afc-plane, no noticeable changes in Q are expected at the surface, in line with scanning tuimelling microscopy results performed at cryogenic temperatures under UHV conditions that will be discussed later (Wang et al, 2003). 

Cryoelectron microscopy makes it possible to have a direct view into the frozen sample without additional preparation [100]. With the aid of a cryogen (e.g., liquid nitrogen-cooled liquid ethane), the sample is plunge frozen as a very thin aqueous film prepared on a microscopic grid. Subsequently, the vitrified specimen is directly transferred into a precooled electron microscope. Because the specimens are usually ) 2005 by CRC Press LLC... 

Morphology of select star blocks was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Films were cast from toluene and annealed for 2 days at 120 °C. Ultra thin sections (-50 nm) of unstained samples were cut by cryogenic microtome techniques. Samples were viewed by a JOEL (JEM-1200EXII) TEM. 

Fig. 3.2. Scanning system for cryogenic acoustic microscopy in a dilution refrigerator (Rugar et al. 1982 Foster and Rugar 1985).

Heiserman, J. (1980). Cryogenic acoustic microscopy. In Scanned image microscopy (ed. E. A. Ash), pp. 71-96. Academic Press, London. [35]... 

Portnaya, I., Cogan, U., Livney, Y.D., Ramon, O., Shimoni, K., Rosenberg, M., Danino, D. (2006). Micellization of bovine p-casein studied by isothermal titration microcalorimetry and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 5555-5561. 

Zidovska A, Ewert KK, Quispe J, Carragher B, Potter CS, Safinya CR (2009) The effect of salt and pH on block liposomes studied by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Biochim Biophys ActaBiomembr 1788 1869-1876... 

Foam characterization can also be accomplished by cryogenic electron microscopy, which essentially permits direct observation of the phases [70,71,73]. 

These structures were proven by various methods. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy confirmed the existence of the supermicelles in solution (Fig. 22), while scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 23) and scanning force microscopy could prove larger particles with a non-uniform size of still unknown nature besides the supermicelles and unimers. 

Won Y-Y, Brannan AK, Davis HT et al (2002) Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) of micelles and vesicles formed in water by poly(ethylene oxide)-based block copolymers. J Phys Chem B 106 3354-3364... 

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