Cryogenic Cryogenically

Cryogenics Cryogenic liquids are too cold for most seals. Use a metal bellows mechanical seal with no elastomer parts. 

Rausch, A. H., and Levine, A. D. (1973). Rapid phase transformations caused by thermodynamic instability in cryogens. Cryogenics 13(4), 224. 

Ship types Cryogenic Cryogenic and pressure Sealed tanks Sealed tanks Sealed tanks... 

Hiza, M. J., A. J. Kidnay, and R. C. Miller "Equilibrium Properties of Fluid Mixtures—A Bibliography of Data on Fluids of Cryogenic Interest," NSRDS Bibliographic Series. Plenum, New York, 1975. 

Cryogenic recovery before oligomerization Ethylene Propylene 95% 100%... 

Lew frequency Eddy current probing For frequencies below some 100 Hz the SQUID is coupled with a completely superconducting flux antenna. This antenna has to be within the cryogenic vessel. The Eddy current excitation is done in a conventional way. But care must be taken, that interference between the excitation field and the flux anteima and SQUID is... 

Cryogenics We use several types of evacuated stainless steel cryostats of about 1 htre capacity to provide the 77 K cooling with hquid nitrogen. The simplest, best valued and easiest to handle one is a ordinary thermos flask available from the supermarket (see fig.3). It is sufficient for a measurement period of more than 12 hours. A specially designed stainless steel vessel gains cooling periods of 30 hours. 

Bock et al [4] have an electrical NEP (noise-equivalent power) of 4 x 10 W Hz when cooled to 300 mK. For those who desire less exotic cryogenic options, conmiercially available Si-composite bolometers offer an... 

Reviews of batch calorimeters for a variety of applications are published in the volume on Solution Calorimetry [8] cryogenic conditions by Zollweg [22], high temperature molten metals and alloys by Colinet andPasturel [19], enthalpies of reaction of inorganic substances by Cordfunke and Ouweltjes [16], electrolyte... 

Zollweg J A 1994 Mixing calorimetry at cryogenic conditions Solution Calorimetry, Experimental Thermodynamics... 

Two-photon excited fluorescence detection at the single-molecule level has been demonstrated for cliromophores in cryogenic solids [60], room-temperature surfaces [61], membranes [62] and liquids [63, 64 and 65]. Altliough multiphoton excited fluorescence has been embraced witli great entluisiasm as a teclmique for botli ordinary confocal microscopy and single-molecule detection, it is not a panacea in particular, photochemical degradation in multiphoton excitation may be more severe tlian witli ordinary linear excitation, probably due to absorjDtion of more tlian tire desired number of photons from tire intense laser pulse (e.g. triplet excited state absorjDtion) [61],... 

Studies of single molecules in cryogenic solids, while limited to a relatively small number of cliromophore/ matrix combinations (and small variations tliereupon), have covered a wide range of spectroscopic and dynamic processes [66,62]. 

Liquid hydrogen is important in cryogenics and in the study of superconductivity, as its melting point is only 20 degrees above absolute zero. 

Helium has the lowest melting point of any element and is widely used in cryogenic research because its boiling point is close to absolute zero. Also, the element is vital in the study of super conductivity. 

This copolymer has useful properties from cryogenic temperatures to 180°C. Its dielectric constant is low and stable over a broad temperature and frequency range. 

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