Cross remie

When appropriately validated and understood, biomarkers present unique advantages as tools for exposure assessment (Gundert-Remy et al, 2003). Biomarkers provide indices of absorbed dose that account for all routes and integrate over a variety of sources of exposure (IPCS, 1993, 2001a). Certain biomarkers can be used to represent past exposure (e.g. lead in bone), recent exposure (e.g. arsenic in urine), and even future target tissue doses (e.g. pesticides in adipose tissue). Once absorbed dose is determined using biomarkers, the line has been crossed between external exposure and the dose metrics that reflect the pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics of an agent (see section 5.3.3). 

The role of receptor homodimerization is more complicated than simply bringing the cytoplasmic elements of the receptors together. For example, structural studies of EPO and EPO-R indicate that a function of the hormone is to establish a fairly exact receptor alignment, as well as to induce dimerization (Livnah et al, 1998, 1999 Remy et al, 1999 Wilson and JoUiffe, 1999). Based on patterns of cross-hormone and cross-species activities and the known structural differences in the active complexes, exact receptor orientation is probably not as crucial for prolactin and growth hormone systems, although this has not been directly established. 

Lauwerys R, Amery A, Bernard A, Bruaux P, Buchet JP, Claeys F, De Plaen P, Ducoffre G, Fagard R, LIjnen P, Nick L, Roels H, Rondia D, Saint-Remy A, Sartor F, Staessen J. Health effects of environmental exposure to cadmium objectives, design and organization of the Cadmibel study a cross-sectional morbidity study carried out in Belgium from 1985 to 1989. Environ Health Perspect 1990 87 283-289. 

Assessment of the dynamic compression of the subclavian artery when it crosses one of the tunnels of the thoracic outlet has been performed with both CT and MR imaging (Fig. 24.16). With CT, the arterial compression seems better depicted with volume rendered reconstructions than with the 3D shaded surface images and with sagittal reformations (Remy-Jardin et al. 2000). With MR imaging, MIP or volume rendering can be performed (Demondion 2007). 

Remy, M.H. and Poznansky, M.J. (1978), Immunogenicity of soluble cross-linked enzyme/albumin polymers advantages for enzyme therapy. Lancet, ii, 68. 

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